That Was A Great Explanation There Titchener. I Always

That was a great explanation there Titchener. I always wanted to hear your view of structuralism. See I myself, think that psychology takes on a functionalism approach to the mind. To me, in order to be a functionalist or to study functionalism you have to focus your attention on the benefit and purpose of how the conscious is related to behavior rather than the mind. As a functionalist, I personally believe that the mind has the ability to help individuals adapt to the world around them, but we first have to understand the function of the mind. Functionalists want to make psychology practical. We want to be able to expand the field of psychology. However, in order for us to understand behavior, we must understand what motivates the mind.†¦show more content†¦For example, when someone gets married people become extremely happy for that person and they often tend to cry. The next principle I will briefly talk about is free will. Free will is the belief that we have control o ver our actions. It’s being able to decide on the right course of action and think voluntarily. All of this pretty much sums up my theory and opinion about what psychology really is. Watson: Well we just really learned a lot there. That was a great detailed explanation of pragmatism and functionalism. Coming back from all of that, I am now going to explain behaviorism from a behaviorist view. My idea of behaviorism was based upon the work of Pavlov. Behaviorism is basically what we learning from the association of things through different types of conditioning. In my opinion, behaviorism is objective and studies behavior without the use of mind and mental process. It can be observed through assessments. When I started at Watson, I wanted to separate psychology from philosophy and focus more on psychology and biology. I was more focused on working with my own work rather than the work of others. People didn’t understand how my work was related to psychology because it wasn’t directly related to the conscious. However, I knew what I was doing and believed that my work would bring forth a new beginning. To start working towards this new beginning I had to first redefineShow MoreRelatedEssay about Psychology: The Study of Behavior and Mental Process1347 Words   |  6 Pagesa more organized way. Wundt’s process was called objective introspection which involves examining a person’s emotional and mental processes. His aim was to record sensations and thoughts. The institute became a focal point for German philosophers and psychology students and eventually for American and British students also. Edward B. Tichener extended, his professor, Wilhelm Wundt’s original ideas and called his new standpoint structuralism. Structuralism was centered around breaking down mental processesRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind And Behavior1264 Words   |  6 Pagesobjectively. So I ve chosen to start in the year 1879 with the official opening of the first psychology laboratory by German physiologist Wilheim Wundt 1832-1920, although, nowadays his methods of experimental introspection are criticized for being too subjective and u nreliable, his introduction to the idea of using laboratory apparatus and scientifically measuring Psychology, watered the seed for the growth of Psychology as a science for future psychologists. Such as his student Edward Titchener, who went

Is it truly difficult for any author to be purely objective Free Essays

I think that it is truly difficult for any author to be purely objective because the very act of writing about something already indicates a choice of topic and consequently a choice of message to share to the readers. They write about what they write for a reason – and as writing goes it is to delight and enlighten. Delight when it is for entertainment, enlighten when it seeks to push the reader to look at what he previously did not see. We will write a custom essay sample on Is it truly difficult for any author to be purely objective? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In terms of forms, it is easier to grasp the author’s message in non-fiction as these tend to be straight-forward and usually indicates the message clearly. Fiction reflects reality and illustrates the message in a story, whereas poetry seeks to do the same with less words. Of all the forms, poetry asks the most skill because it uses the least number of words and yet seeks to deliver the same impact as other forms of writing. Personally I prefer poetry, because it uses so little words for more impact. It is compact but it speaks to the core, and has to be read several times for its meaning to sink in. Also, it lends itself to many layers of interpretation as compared to fiction and non-fiction, but its core message remains the same. Although a lot of people would say that poetry is not easy to understand, the demands of poetry on one’s attention is precisely what makes me prefer it because it asks for focus and time. In this sense, because poetry appears difficult, although of course I would say it is a labor of love to read poetry, the pay off is much greater as well, and because of the effort leaves a mark as I try to make sense of its message in my life. How to cite Is it truly difficult for any author to be purely objective?, Papers

Integrative International Business Practice †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Integrative International Business Practice. Answer: Introduction: The present study sheds light on different aspects of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreements (TPP), the landmark 21st century contract that has instituted new standards for the world trade while addressing different next-generation issues. The 12 participating Trans-Pacific Partnership nations include the Australia, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, Peru, United States, Vietnam announced the conclusions of the negotiations that describes the key features, scope, regional trade regulations. The aim of the agreement includes promoting growth, creation, retention of the employment, enhancement of the innovation, trade efficacy, competitiveness, and betterment of living standards, reduction of poverty, proper governance, labor development and environmental protection. The significant features of the contract are establishment of the world trade by ensuring comprehensive market access, adoption of the regional approach to commitments, management of the new trade challenges and inclusion of trade and creation of new platform for regional assimilation. The TPP covers trade over and above trade-associated issues through trade facilitation, sanitary along with phytosanitary methods. This contract deals with different technical barriers present in trade, issues with trade solutions, ventures; services; overseas sell of electronic along with other challenges associated to the government procurement. Moreover, the present agreement deals with the issues with the intellectual property and environment that can ensure that TPP can meet the potential for development, maintenance of competitiveness, settlement of dispute, inclusiveness, and different institutional provisions together with different exceptions. The current study presents the key features of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) and the global consideration of justice, integrity and sustainability. The academic literature available on the particular agreement expounds in detail the significance of the agreement on trade, implications of the agreement along with the influence of the contract on the foreign investment. Thereafter, the literature review section of the study illustratively elucidates the associations of the TPP with other trade and provincial agreements. The study illustratively explains the influence of the agreement on different sensitive industries that include the agriculture, intellectual property and services. Subsequently, the current segment explains in detail the global considerations as regards the fairness, integrity and sustainability aspects of the agreements. Adding to this, the current study presents the critical analysis of different nations that include the Canada, Australia, Japan, New Zealand and USA. The assessment of the said participating nations includes examination of different historical facts and the assessment of different notions of justice, sustainability along with the economic developments of the nation with the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. Consequently, the present study discusses the diverse implications of the TPP on the entire international business to gain a comprehensive understanding regarding the effects of the landmark agreement on international trade, with special orientation to the maintenance of the justice, fairness as sustainability. Literature Review Importance on trade As put forward by Aggarwal and Urata (2013), the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement can be regarded as a high standard, comprehensive and at the same time balanced contract that can promote economic growth, enhancement of innovation, efficiency with competitiveness by means of its high benchmark for trade and investment in the region of Asia-Pacific. This can be considered to be an important step towards open trade and regional assimilation across different regions. The Trans-Pacific Agreement that can be considered to be the landmark 21st century agreement has established a new standard for the worldwide trade has certain important features (Barfield 2011). The significant features of the Trans-pacific agreement that enhances foreign trade include the comprehensive access to market, different regional approach to commitments, concentration on diverse new trade obstacles, emphasis on inclusive trade and regional assimilation (Camroux 2012). The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement facilitates trade by enabling comprehensive access to market. As indicated by Capling and Ravenhill (2011) the Trans-Pacific Trade Agreement helps in elimination or else reduction of tariff as well as non-tariff barriers across considerably different trade in goods and services. The agreement covers thereby covers the entire spectrum of trade and outlay in different goods and varied services with the aim and intention to generate new opportunities and advantages for diverse businesses, labors and at the same time consumers (Cheong and Tongzon 2013). The Trans-pacific partnership agreement facilitates trade by adoption of the regional approach to different obligations. TPP assists in the process of development of production and worldwide supply chains along with seamless trade that in turn can augment the overall efficacy and support the objective of creation of new employment opportunities (Cheong 2013). Therefore, the Trans-pacific partnership agreement helps in raising the standard of living, enhances different conservation efforts and assists in integration of cross-border trade and facilitates the process of opening up different domestic markets. The Trans-Pacific partnership Agreement exerts immense influence on trade by addressing different obstacles of trade (Dent 2006). The Trans-pacific agreement deals with different trade challenges by promoting different innovative approach towards trade that concentrates on enhancement of competitiveness, productivity and effectiveness including the process of development of diverse digital economy along with the role of different state-owned enterprises in the world economy. Elms and Lim (2012) mentions that the trans-pacific partnership agreement helps in promoting inclusive trade (Dhar 2015.). Therefore, it can be hereby ascertained that the trans-pacific partnership agreement influences the trade by way of inclusion of the different new elements that in turn seeks to make it certain that economies at diverse levels of development and at the same time businesses of different sizes can gain advantage from trade. The contract includes different commitments to aid small as well as medium sized business concerns in comprehending the agreement, gain advantage of the available business opportunities and bring their distinctive challenges to the attention of different TPP governments (Elms and Lim 2012). This agreement comprises of particular commitments for the development and improvement of capacity of trade. As such, the Trans-pacific partnership helps in making it certain that different parties involved in the contract are able to meet up different requir ements of the commitments stated in the contract and gain full advantage of all the benefits (Elms 2013). Adding to this, the TPP exerts immense influence on trade by development of a common platform for regional assimilation. As suggested by Fazzone (2011) the TPP is essentially intended as a platform for overall regional integration and is properly designed to include different additional economies throughout the entire Asia pacific region. Effect on foreign investment As indicated by Fergusson (2010), the provisions of the Trans-Pacific partnership Agreement goes well beyond different standards established by the WTO (World Trade Organization) that includes specific measures that can ensure across the board regional treatment for different foreign investors both in the pre as well as post establishment. The TPP includes the provision for reduction of different restrictions that can discriminate against regional services. As mentioned by Fergusson (2010), The TPP enhances the export opportunities by enabling the overall process of competition on a level playing field in the entire Asia-Pacific region. Furthermore, the TPP helps in mutual recognition of different professionals that concludes engineers and lawyers among many others and implements best practice directives and regulations for different foreign lawyers. Therefore, the scope of the Trans-Pacific Agreement helps in attracting different foreign investments (Fergusson et al. 2013). The norm al decline in the worldwide tariff and owing to proliferation of different free trade contracts among different nations of the TPP has reduced the mean intra-TPP tariffs to 2.7% registered during 2014 from the level of 5.6% recorded during the year 1996. The reduction in tariffs helps in attracting foreign investments in the nations and thereby helps in foreign value additions (Fergusson et al. 2015). The promotion of the market access by means of reduction of the tariffs and other restrictions, the particular agreement seeks to ensure the development of the supply chain assimilation. The TPP facilitates the process of enhancement of the supply chains that too can raise the share of the foreign value addition. This sequentially can ensure generation of the interdependencies that in turn can accelerate the overall transmission of the different economic shocks (Flynn et al. 2013). Relations to other trade and regional agreements The process of rule making in the entire trading procedure of the world has transferred from global to different bilateral, regional and industry contracts. As suggested by Fooks and Gilmore (2013), the Uruguay Round of the specific multilateral trade negotiation, culminated in the process of institutions of the World Trade generated comprehensive contracts to reduce tariffs on diverse manufactured products during the year 1994. The purview is extended into different areas that include the agriculture, trade in diverse services along with intellectual property. Nevertheless, the complicated trade policy issues counting different regulatory impediments. Modern trade services and diverse cross border investments (stipulated under the General Agreement on Trade in Services- GATS) in conjunction with the knowledge economy features covered under the Trade related aspects of the Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS) can be regarded as a challenges that are difficult to address at a multilateral echelon (Friel et al. 2013). Besides this, the notion of the deep and all-inclusive FTAs took hold. The FTAs offer expanded access to market even for certain products that earlier aroused domestic understanding and responsiveness. As indicated by Gordon (2012), the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) goes well beyond the standards of the World Trade Organization and includes different types of special measures. The special measures of the TPP includes the negative list approach with the intention and purpose of liberalization of trade in services, advanced and new regulations for the digital commerce, diverse across the border national treatments for different foreign investors including both pre as well as post establishment. The special measures of the TPP that goes beyond the WHO comprise of different streamlined rules and regulations by means of standardized notions (Herreros 2011). The additional provisions of the TPP include the augmented intellectual property fortification with comprehensive regulations and greater enforcement requirements than what is stated in the TRIPS contracts. Besides this, the additional provisions of the present contract under consideration include inclusion of different g overnment procurement commitments that are covered under the particular Government Procurement Agreement stated in the WTO (James 2010). Again, the distinctive measures of the agreement include the competitive neutrality for state owned business concerns, different labour and environment codes along with the augmented dispute resolution for different issues that are under the purview of the present agreement. Impact on sensitive industries such as agriculture, intellectual property and services Impact on Agriculture As put forward by Kelsey (2010), the impact of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) on agriculture, intellectual property over and above services can help in analyzing the impact of the agreement on different on sensitive industries. The parties involved in the TPP agree to reduce different tariff as well as on-tariff barriers on different industrial goods. Again, the provisions of TPP aim to eliminate and to reduce tariffs and preventive strategies on different agricultural products (Kelsey 2013). Again, in case of agricultural products, different parties involved in the negotiation of the TPP agrees to reduce different tariff and other restraining strategies that in turn can enhance the agricultural trade in region and thereby develop the food security. Adding to this, this particular agreement averts and at the same time eliminates different agricultural export subsidies working together with the World Trade Organization in order to develop different orders on export stat e trading business concerns, export credits and limiting different timeframes permitted for different restrictions on food exports (Krist 2012). This agreement can therefore help in delivering enhanced food security in the specific nation. The parties involved in the TPP agreement has agreed to amplify transparency and collaboration on distinct actions associated to the agricultural biotechnology. Under different stipulations of the technical trade barriers under the TPP, diverse parties are required to permit the public to mention different proposed technical rules, regulations, standards and compliance evaluation procedures to inform different regulatory processes (Lewis 2009). This in turn can make it certain comprehensive understanding of the traders regarding the regulations that they essentially need to follow. The TPP takes into consideration different annexes that are associated to regulations of particular sectors that can promote general regulatory advances across dissimil ar TPP region. Therefore, the regulations of the technical trade barriers under the TPP helps in maintenance of transparency, different non-discriminatory regulations, standards and consistency evaluation process while preservation of the abilities of the parties of the TPP to attain different legitimate intentions (Lewis 2011). Impact on Intellectual Property The Intellectual Property (IP) under the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreements comprises of patents, trademarks, geographical indications, copyrights, intellectual properties, industrial designs along with other enforcements of intellectual properties (Lim et al. 2012). Again, the TPP help in making business easy and assists in searching, registering and shielding the rights of the Intellectual Properties in different new emerging markets that is particularly significant for different small business concerns. As mentioned by Petri and Plummer (2012). The provisions of the intellectual property helps in establishment of the standards founded on TRIPS contracts of WTO Again, the TPP offers protection on trademarks by fortification of the brand names along with other signs. The different business entities and individuals can implement the regulations for the purpose of differentiation between products in the marketplace. The stipulations regarding the intellectual properties maintains tr ansparency and in due course provides protection of different geographical indication that can be identified and protected by means of different transnational contracts (Naoi and Urata 2013). Adding to this, the stipulations conditioned under the TPP includes different pharmaceutical associated provisions that can assist in the process of development of different innovative and life saving drugs and the availability of different generic forms of medicines by taking into consideration the time that is required by different parties to meet the standards (Petri et al. 2011). The stipulations regarding the intellectual property rights comprises of different commitments related to the fortification of different undisclosed test and additional data that is submitted to acquire authorization of marketing of agricultural chemical or else pharmaceutical products (Petri et al. 2012). In addition to this, the agreement reaffirms the stated commitments conditioned under the WTOs Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and civic health. This in turn substantiates the fact that the parties in the contract are not prevented from undertaking different measures to shield the Public Health and including events of epidemics that includes the HIV. In addition to this, in case of copyright, the stipulation for the intellectual property institutes diverse commitments that require protection for different works, presentation and performance, phonograms that includes the software, books and songs among many others (Ranald 2011). The stipulations of the TPP therefore comprise of e fficient and balanced provisions for technological defenses computation and rights management information. The needs of the parties involved in the TPP include achievement of balance in different copyright systems, exception and at the same time restriction for different legitimate purposes even in the digital business environment. The parties involved in the TPP aims to establish and at the same time maintain a structured framework of safe copyright harbors for different internet service providers (Schott et al. 2012). Therefore, the requirements necessarily do not allow the parties to make safe harbors that are conditional on monitoring of the ISP for checking different infringing actions. Finally, the parties of the TPP consent to offer strong enforcement mechanism that induces different civil process, diverse provisional dimensions, border measures along with criminal proceedings for forged business-related trademark and piracy of copyrights and allied rights (Solis 2012). As su ch, it can be hereby ascertained that the parties of the TPP can offer diverse legal means for the purpose of prevention of diverse misappropriations of trade secrets. This helps in the process of establishment of different protective measures that includes the restricting criminal processes and penalties for trade secret theft carried out by way of cyber theft with cam cording (Williams 2013). Impact on Services As put forward by Yuan (2012), the Trans-Pacific partnership Agreement exerts immense influence on sensitive sectors that include the cross border deal in services. The parties involved in the TPP acknowledge the increasing significance of service trade. There are in all 12 nations that share an interest in liberalized trade in this area. Adding to this, the TPP comprises of different requirements that can be found in the WTO along with other trade agreements that suggests that no TPP nation can impose quantitative restrictions on the overall supply of different services or might possibly require a particular type of legal entity or else joint venture and regional presence (James 2010). Therefore, it implies that no nation might perhaps have the need for a supplier from a different nation for the purpose of establishment of an office or else an affiliate and do not need to become a resident in a particular territory in a bid to make service available to different consumers of the bus iness. Again, the parties to the TPP accept different obligations as stipulated under the negative list basis that in turn implies that the parties involved can undertake a non-conforming measure in any one of the two country specific extensions that are essentially related to the contracts (Gordon 2012). As such, the TPP includes different dimensions based on which a nation can formally identify the significance of diverse regulatory requirements for accelerate the contributions of insurance services provided by different licensed suppliers. Again, the TPP parties help in formulation of processes for the purpose of attainment of requisite outcome. Adding to this, the TPP takes into consideration definite commitments as regards portfolio management, electronic payment using card services and transmit of different information for the purpose of data processing (Gordon 2012). Therefore, it can be hereby ascertained that the financial Services can offer significant cross-border opportunities regarding gaining access to investment market, whilst ensuring that the respective Parties can keep hold of ability to adjust financial markets and foundations besides undertaking emergency steps in the incident of crisis (James 2010). Country Analysis: The current segment put special emphasis on the cases of the countries in the group 1 to 3: Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, and USA among the 12 participating nations of TPP for investigation of the concepts of justice, fairness, and economic development of a nation. Trans-Pacific partnership Agreement (Australia) Historical Facts The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) that essentially builds from the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic partnership Agreement carried out between Brunei, Chile, New Zealand and Singapore that entered into action during the period 2006 (Armstrong 2011). However, the first rounds of negotiations of the TPP were conducted in Melbourne during March 2010. Nevertheless, being a contributor in the negotiations of the TPP enables Australia to take hold of different strategic opportunity to frame the regulations that can govern trade in the region. Presently, there are as such 12 negotiating parties that comprises of Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United States and Vietnam (Ranald 2011). The current parties of the TPP uphold the process of expansion of the TPP members to other nations located in the Asia Pacific Region. However, the primary aim of Australia is to expand the overall process of trade and venture between diffe rent TPP economies (Ranald 2011). Therefore, once the TPP agreements come into existence, it can co-exist with other free trade agreements. Concepts of justice, fairness, and nation's economic development Benefits of TPP in Australia Figure 1: Benefits for Australia (Source: Fergusson et al. 2013) The benefits of TPP in Australia include improved access to different new markets and elimination of tariffs on different goods. Australia pushes for the lessening of different barriers that are encountered by different service providers. Again, the TPP can create different opportunities for Australian investors and deliver different transparent regulations by service exporter. Thus, the analysis of the negotiations of the TPP reflects the maintenance of transparency in the regulations. Again, the elimination of the trade barriers replicates maintenance of justice and fair treatment to all businesses and augments the trade environment. A better trade environment can in turn ensure increased economic assimilation that can lead to the liberalization of trade in the Asia Pacific Region. The investigation of negotiations of the TPP in Australian can ensure fairness and justice by examination of different issues that are not addressed in different free trade contracts (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2016). TPP can ensure that the advantages of the agreement need to be extended to different small as well as medium sized business concerns. Moreover, the TPP can help in the process of strengthening the overall regulatory coherence among different partied involved in the overall agreement. Armstrong (2011) opines that TPP promotes the economic development and promotes transparency of different laws and directives. The TPP covers issue in the area of goods, services and others that in turn can ensure sustainability. The TPP covers various areas. In addition to this, the TPP provides different prospect associated to the market access into different export markets for the exporters of Australia across different industries. Thus, the TPP negotiation ensures sustaina bility of world trade that includes cumulation of goods. Therefore, the TPP can ensure the enhancement of the global supply chain (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2016). This helps in the transfer of Australian beef to Singapore along with beef from Canada, thereafter processed in Singapore, and subsequently exported under preferential rates to different TPP parties. This is something that cannot be undertaken as per the bilateral FTA (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2016). The elimination of different unnecessary obstacles to trade ensures sustainability. As such, the TPP comprises of WTO plus commitments that can be associated to conformity evaluation procedure, diverse international standards and maintenance of transparency. Australia is in search of tough investment fortification in the TPP and takes into account the inclusion of different provisions of Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) mentioned in the free trade agreements (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2016). Australia can ensure different non-discriminatory handling of Australian service suppliers in different TPP markets. Again, The TPP can augment prospects for Australian businesspersons seeking to penetrate and for the short-term stay in other TPP nations. This consists of requirements on dealing out immigration permits such as visas promptly, reducing fees and lucidity in addition to a work chart for potential collaboration (Armstrong 2011). The TPP intends to lessen restrictions that discriminate against different services exporters of Australia thereby ensuring justice, intelligibility and sustainability. Thus, the regulations regarding market accessibility, accumulation of goods, rules of origin, technical barriers to trade, investment, cross border trade in services, financial services, e-commerce and telecommunications, temporary entry of business persons, government procurement, state owned enterprises, intellectual property and labor ensures the maintenance of fairness and justice and sustainability (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2016). Figure 2: Issues Covered by TPP (Source: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2016) Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement in Canada The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) can be considered as a significant regional trade agreement that Canada has agreed to at the time when the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) finished almost before two decades (International.gc.ca. 2016). In case of Canada, the TPP nations can be regarded as a collective group that can be considered as the largest trading partner of Canada, in which above 70 percent of trade of Canada essentially flows through the TPP areas (International.gc.ca. 2016). The top trading partners are from the TPP area that includes the US, Japan and Mexico. Canada already has existing trade contracts with the US and Mexico under the NAFTA (International.gc.ca. 2016). Canada enters into pacts with Chile as well as Peru that are conditioned under FTA of Canada-Chile and Canada-Peru (Cas.go.jp. 2016). The potential influence of the TPP contracts on Canada includes tariff reduction or else complete elimination, liberalization of both services trade and venture, institution of different TPP rules of origin in different automobile, textile industry, establishment of market entrance under supply administration system of Canada (International.gc.ca. 2016). The TPP agreement is said to boost the gross domestic product of Canada by around 0.12% over and above the baseline performance, thereby generating the GDP gains of roughly $4 billion (International.gc.ca. 2016). Canada already has lower levels of tariff protection. Therefore, the policy of liberalization under TPP can provide a net advantage for the country (Canada). The TPP can offer tariff savings for the Canadian exports in seven different FTA partner nations of roughly $428 each year where the majority of savings essentially come from Japan, Australia and Vietnam (International.gc.ca. 2016). Again, under the TPP contract, the economic gains primarily depend on the anticipated implications for Canadas business with its largest trading partner (United States). However, the economic ties of Canada with US under the TPP contracts depend on NAFTA Preferences, NAFTA Rules and fresh commitments. However, there are certain costs of not participating in TPP. The Canadian exporters can lose opportunities from enhanced access to markets of new seven new FTA partner nations conditioned under TPP. Again, there can be erosion of the NAFTA Preferences of Canada in both the US and the Mexican markets (B rookings. 2016). Therefore, an Economic investigation carried out by the Office of the Chief Economist at Global Affairs Canada advocates that the decision to participate in the TPP Agreement can produce long-term economic gain for Canada that can amount to $4.3 billion (International.gc.ca. 2016). Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement in Japan As put forward by Auslin (2012), the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) can ensure elimination or else reduction of tariffs especially in different agricultural products. However, the tariff phase outs differ between products and tariffs get eliminated immediately at the time when the contract comes into action. However, the other tariffs phase out over a particular period of time. This tariff elimination can place the US exports on a definite level playing field especially in Japan with regard to Japanese and varied products of the third nations and well ahead of diverse non-participating TPP competitors (Asia Society. 2016). Again, the TPP can significantly augment the opportunity for different sensitive products especially in Japan by means of a mixture of tariff lessening and expansion of admittance under the tariff rate quota. As indicated by Auslin (2012), the TPP can offer different benefits for different sectors of the agriculture in the US. Therefore, new prospects in Japan account for considerable share of the particular benefits. Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement in New Zealand As put forward by Trade (2016), the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement refers to free trade contract that can liberalize business and investment within 12 Pacific rim nations. The contract was essentially signed by 12 different nations in February 2016, however has come into force (Tpp.mfat.govt.nz. 2016). Trade (2016) critically examines the contract and suggests that that the TPP is anticipated to provide New Zealand better market access to different globally important markets. Trade (2016) opines that the TPP is expected to branch out the trade and venture unions of New Zealand. Thus, the TPP agreements can provide New Zealand a platform for development of export of New Zealands goods and services that can be exported to different TPP nations in the year 2014 (Tpp.mfat.govt.nz. 2016). Figure 3: Contribution of New Zealand (Source: Tpp.mfat.govt.nz. 2016) Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement in USA As indicated by Yuan (2012), most of the international contracts in the United States are essentially authorized by utilizing the Trade Promotion Authority that is known as the fast track endorsement. In this process of authorization, the US Congress is required to approve and conduct a yes or no vote for any type of agreement without any kind of alteration. However, the US passed a regulation providing consent to the fast track process in the year 2015 (World Bank Group. 2016). As put forward by Barfield and Levy (2009), different terms of the agreement of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) specifies that at the time when a particular deal is submitted to Congress, the respective authority needs to be responsive within the period of 90 legislative days. As indicated by Barfield and Levy (2009), there are several individuals who anticipate the Congress to vote regarding the bill either during the period of summer of 2016 or during the lame duck session that is after the elections of the year 2016. Nevertheless, during August 2016, the Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell mentioned that the vote in this regard is not expected to take place and further added that the vote will be around soon but the tentative date can be altered and worked on during the upcoming administration (World Bank Group. 2016). Discussion The academic literature provides an overview of different key characteristics and scope of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP). The body of academic literature therefore helps in understanding the pros and cons of different obligations of the agreement along with the anticipated outcomes of signing the agreement (James 2010). In addition to this, the empirical studies on the TPP helps in understanding the impact of the particular agreement on the overall global trade and the economic gains from the contracts with special orientation to the consideration of maintenance of justice, fairness and sustainability. As suggested by Kelsey (2010), there are additional benefits associated to the TPP in comparison to other traditional trade agreements. In addition to this, the academic literature on the TPP helps in understanding diverse macroeconomic implications of the TPP with special reference to the trade environments of Australia, USA, Canada, New Zealand and Japan. As mentioned by Kelsey (2013), TPP is essentially a trade agreement that establishes new benchmark for world trade. The academic literature sketches out the key features of the contract. The analysis of the important features of the 21st century landmark agreement TPP reveals the fact that the particular agreement is deep and comprehensive that can aid the world trade by addressing a wide array of intricate trade policy issues that in turn goes well beyond the purview in addition to the scope of different trade contracts (Krist 2012). The assessment of the contract replicates the fact that TPP can lessen tariffs and other constrai nts of different non-tariff dimensions and at the same time harmonize different regulations in a bid to boost assimilation of the global supply chain and transnational investment (Krist 2012). The evaluation of the body of academic literature on the TPP reflects the fact that TPP can become a significant complement to many other trade policies in order to raise the medium term growth. The provisions of the agreement that helps in enhancement of the global trade and augmentation of the economic gains by shifting potential resources towards the effective corporations and facilitating expansion of the export markets (Lewis 2009). In addition to this, the TPP helps in production of the positive spill over advantages and different detrimental effects on diverse non-member nations that can be restricted. However, the harmonized regulatory regimes in export markets can create different positive spill over under TPP. The reports of economic assessment replicate the fact that the TPP can lift the trade opportunities of the participating nations by around 11% by the period 2030 (Lewis 2011). The analysis of the trade environment of Australia reveals the fact that the TPP agreement can lead to different commercial benefits and at the same time direct towards different strategic benefits in the Asia-Pacific region. The provisions of the trade agreement can add commercial value in Australia by means of improved supply chains, access to different new markets and reduced trade barriers (Naoi and Urata 2013). Therefore, it can be hereby ascertained that the provisions of the agreement can help the exporters of varied products and services in addition to the Australian investors in different TPP bourses. Besides this, the trade agreement can help in creation of a better environment for trade with enhanced economic integration. However, the liberalization of the trade throughout the particular Asia-Pacific region can foster economic gain. In addition to this, the maintenance of the regulatory coherence can help in ensuring evenhandedness and justice (Lewis 2011). Again, the prov isions of the agreement that aims at elimination of different unnecessary trade obstacles can help in maintenance of sustainability. However, the analysis of the provisions of the agreement replicates the fact that the TPP includes the WTO plus commitments that can be related to the conformity analysis process, different international standards and at the same time transparency. Thus, the TPP can facilitate economic gains and simultaneously can ensure maintenance of justice, integrity and sustainability (World Bank Group. 2016). Again, in case of Canada, the Economic enquiry carried out by the Office of the Chief Economist at Global Affairs Canada suggests that the judgment to take part in the TPP Agreement can produce long-term economic gain for Canada. The plan of liberalization under TPP can provide a net advantage for the country. In addition this, the exporters can gain advantage by utilization of enhanced admittance to the markets of the seven new markets of the FTA partners (Krist 2012). As such, the economic integration by way of trade liberalization, establishment of rules of origin in diverse textile and automobile segments and institution of the market entrance under the supply administration system of Canada can facilitate the trade by ensuring maintenance of justice, parity and sustainability. Again, this process of tariff elimination can place the US exports on a distinct level playing ground especially in Japan relating to Japanese and varied products of the third nations and well ahead of div erse non-participating TPP competitors (World Bank Group. 2016). The critical examination of the contract suggests that that the TPP is expected to provide New Zealand better market entrance to different globally significant markets and help in diversification of the trade and venture unions of New Zealand (Tpp.mfat.govt.nz. 2016). In the case of US, the analysis of the country reveals the fact that the United States accounts for roughly 60% of the total TPP gross domestic product (World Bank Group. 2016). Therefore, the economic size and tactical significance for different parties of TPP can become the beginning point of the TPP negotiation and in turn can significantly influence the outcome. Implications for international business in practice The implications of the Trans-Pacific partnership agreement on the international trade in practice involve various aspects of both the member as well as the non-member nations. The governing units of the nations view the liberalization policy of the TPP as an important driver for changes in the existing trade policies of the nations. The TPP directs towards enhancement of the institutional capacities that are not currently available to different developing nations. The capacity building and industrial assistance is building blocks of the agreement that can augment the overall global trade (Aggarwal and Urata 2013). The implementation of the different liberal rules of origin can enhance the trade practices of both the member as well as the non-member nations of the TPP. The TPP can positively affect the low as well as middle income economies such as Vietnam that can enjoy comparative advantage in labor and diverse natural resource intensive industries by means of tariff cut. Again, th e multilateral structure can help in broadening the gains to a wide array of nations and at the same time lessen different diversion effects for different non-members (Aggarwal and Urata 2013). Against the backdrop of sluggish trade growth, intensifying non-tariff obstacles to trade and insufficient advancement in worldwide trade negotiations, the TPP signifies an important milestone Aggarwal and Urata 2013). However, the TPP shows up among different FTAs owing to its features, purview, size, range and rulemaking (Administrator 2016). Nevertheless, the definitive implications remain uncertain. Therefore, in conclusion it can be said that the implications of the TPP on international business shall rely on whether the agreement is promptly adopted and at the same time efficiently put into practice, and whether it prompts prolific reforms in both developing as well as developed nations (Brookings. 2016). Thus, systemic effects, in sequence, will necessitate expansion of the particular reforms to international trade either by means of TPP magnification, competitive influences on different other trade contracts, or by establishment of advanced international regulations. References Administrator, W. 2016.USDA ERS - Home. [online] Ers.usda.gov. Available at: https://www.ers.usda.gov [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Aggarwal, V. and Urata, S., 2013.Bilateral Trade Agreements in the Asia-Pacific: Origins, Evolution, and Implications. Routledge. Armstrong, S.P., 2011. Australia and the future of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. Asia Society. 2016.How the Trans-Pacific Partnership Benefits Japan. [online] Available at: https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/how-trans-pacific-partnership-benefits-japan [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Auslin, M., 2012. Getting It Right: Japan and Trans-Pacific Partnership.Asia-Pacific Review,191, pp.21-36. Barfield, C. and Levy, P.I., 2009. Tales of the South Pacific: President Obama and the Trans-Pacific Partnership.AIE International Economic Outlook, American Enterprise Institute, Washington DC. Barfield, C., 2011. The Trans-Pacific Partnership: A Model for Twenty-First-Century Trade Agreements?.AEI Public Policy Research, American Enterprise Institute, Washington DC. Brookings. 2016.Brookings - Quality. Independence. Impact.. [online] Available at: https://www.brookings.edu [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Camroux, D., 2012. Regionalism in Asia as Disguised Multilateralism: A Critical Analysis of the East Asia Summit and the Trans-Pacific Partnership.The International Spectator,471, pp.97-115. Capling, A. and Ravenhill, J., 2011. Multilateralising regionalism: what role for the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement?.The Pacific Review,245, pp.553-575. Cas.go.jp. 2016. [. [online] Available at: https://www.cas.go.jp [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Cheong, I. and Tongzon, J., 2013. Comparing the Economic Impact of the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.Asian Economic Papers,122, pp.144-164. Cheong, I., 2013. Negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement: Evaluation and implications for East Asian regionalism. Dent, C.M., 2006.New free trade agreements in the Asia-Pacific. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2016.Home. [online] Available at: https://dfat.gov.au [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Dhar, B., 2015. Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement.Economic Political Weekly,5024, p.13. Elms, D. and Lim, C.L., 2012. The Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement TPP. Elms, D.K., 2013. The Trans-Pacific Partnership trade negotiations: some outstanding issues for the final stretch.Asian Journal of WTO International Health Law and Policy,82, pp.379-599. Fazzone, P.B., 2011. Trans-Pacific Partnership-Towards a Free Trade Agreement of Asia-Pacific, The.Geo. J. Int'l L.,43, p.695. Fergusson, I.F., 2010.Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. DIANE Publishing. Fergusson, I.F., Cooper, W.H., Jurenas, R. and Williams, B.R., 2013. The Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations and issues for congress.Current Politics and Economics of South, Southeastern, and Central Asia,222, p.209. Fergusson, I.F., McMinimy, M.A. and Williams, B.R., 2015. The Trans-Pacific Partnership TPP negotiations and issues for congress. Flynn, S.M., Baker, B.K., Kaminski, M.E. and Koo, J., 2013. The US proposal for an intellectual property chapter in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement.American University International Law Review,281, pp.105-202. Fooks, G. and Gilmore, A.B., 2013. International trade law, plain packaging and tobacco industry political activity: the Trans-Pacific Partnership.Tobacco control, pp.tobaccocontrol-2012. Friel, S., Gleeson, D., Thow, A.M., Labonte, R., Stuckler, D., Kay, A. and Snowdon, W., 2013. A new generation of trade policy: potential risks to diet-related health from the trans pacific partnership agreement.Globalization and health,91, p.1. Gordon, B.K., 2012. Trading Up in Asia: Why the United States Needs the Trans-Pacific Partnership.Foreign Affairs, pp.17-22. Herreros, S., 2011.The Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement: a Latin American perspective. ECLAC. International.gc.ca. 2016.Welcome / Bienvenue | Global Affairs Canada / Affaires mondiales Canada. [online] Available at: https://international.gc.ca [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. James, S., 2010. Is the Trans-Pacific Partnership worth the fuss?.Free Trade Bulleton, Center for Trade Policy Studies, Washtington DC. Kelsey, J. ed., 2010.No Ordinary Deal: Unmasking the Trans-Pacific Partnership Free Trade Agreement. Bridget Williams Books. Kelsey, J., 2013. Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement: A Gold-Plated Gift to the Global Tobacco Industry, The.Am. JL Med.,39, p.237. Krist, W., 2012. Negotiations for a Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement.Wilson Center, Program on America and the Global Economy, no date, but from context it was written in. Lewis, M.K., 2009. Expanding the P-4 Trade Agreement into a broader Trans-Pacific Partnership: Implications, risks and opportunities.Asian J. WTO Int'l Health L Pol'y,4, p.401. Lewis, M.K., 2011. The Trans-Pacific Partnership: New Paradigm or Wolf in Sheeps Clothing?. Lim, C.L., Elms, D.K. and Low, P. eds., 2012.The trans-pacific partnership: a quest for a twenty-first century trade agreement. Cambridge University Press. Naoi, M. and Urata, S., 2013. Free Trade Agreements and Domestic Politics: The Case of the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement.Asian Economic Policy Review,82, pp.326-349. Petri, P.A. and Plummer, M.G., 2012. The Trans-Pacific Partnership and Asia-Pacific Integration: Policy Implications.Peterson Institute for International Economics Policy Brief, Forthcoming. Petri, P.A., Plummer, M.G. and Zhai, F., 2011. The Trans-pacific partnership and Asia-pacific integration: A quantitative Assessment. Petri, P.A., Plummer, M.G. and Zhai, F., 2012.The Trans-Pacific Partnership and Asia-Pacific Integration: A Quantitative AssessmentVol. 98. Peterson Institute. Ranald, P., 2011. The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement: Contradictions in Australia and in the Asia Pacific Region.The Economic and Labour Relations Review,221, pp.81-98. Schott, J.J., Kotschwar, B. and Muir, J., 2012.Understanding the trans-pacific partnership. Peterson Institute. Solis, M., 2012. The Trans Pacific Partnership: Can the United States Lead the Way in AsiaPacific Integration?.Pacific Focus,273, pp.319-341. Tpp.mfat.govt.nz. 2016.Trans-Pacific Partnership. [online] Available at: https://www.tpp.mfat.govt.nz [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Trade, N. 2016.The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade acts in the world to make New Zealanders safer and more prosperous. [online] New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Available at: https://www.mfat.govt.nz [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Williams, B.R., 2013. Trans-Pacific Partnership TPP countries: Comparative trade and economic analysis. World Bank Group. 2016.World Bank Group. [online] Available at: https://www.worldbank.org [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Yuan, W.J., 2012. The Trans-Pacific Partnership and Chinas Corresponding Strategies.Center for Strategic International Studies, p.2.

The Woman in Black Argumentative Essay Example For Students

The Woman in Black Argumentative Essay Discuss how effective one or more performers were in The Woman in Black using 2 moments to support your answer, commenting on  voice movement facial expression, gesture and mood  The Woman in Black, a play directed by Robin Herford, has been terrifying its audiences at the Fortune Theatre for twenty one years; we saw the play on Wednesday 29th December Set in Victorian times, The Woman in Black is a ghostly thriller in which the characters are played by just two actors. The actors therefore have to employ a full repertoire of techniques to define the different characters that they have to depict in the play so that the audience can readily identify them . We will write a custom essay on The Woman in Black Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The story revolves around Arthur Kipps ,played by Michael Mears, a lawyer who is haunted by dreadful events which happened to him many years ago. Desperate to lay the past to rest, he hires a young actor(played by Orlando Wells) to tell his tale. The lawyer is persuaded to act out the story, taking various roles while the actor plays him as a young man.  The young Kipps visited the remote and eerie house of a deceased client, Mrs Drablo, where he gradually learned of its tragic history of this place, the ghost that haunted it and her dreadful purpose.  The first scene I have chosen to illustrate the technique of the performer is when the young Mr Kipps is sent to the house of Mrs Dablo. Orlando Wells effectively shows how Kipps becomes more and more uneasy as he approaches his destination on the train. At first, just after boarding the train, Kipps relaxes back into his seat .His body appears completely at ease; his head slumped back on the top the seat and his eyes shut. At one point his arms are spread across the seat. He sways from side to side , successfully conveying the motion of the train. His skilled mime captures our imagination and transforms the props-a woven basket and a shabby wooden chair into a train compartment. The lack of realistic props and scenery is in keeping with the overall minimalist style of the entire production. The audience is asked to use its own imagination to conjure up the details. This has the effect of involving us more deeply in the events on stage and in making us accept their veracity. Soon the actor playing Kipps begins to fidget. His posture is no longer relaxed– at one point his back is firmly pressed up against the chair-and he looks uncomfortable. We sense this outward discomfort is indicative of the inner conflict he is feeling. He communicates his tension to us and it becomes clear that the closer he gets to village , Crythin Gifford, the greater his unease. The impression that is created is that his body is sensing the danger ahead and is responding to this, reflecting the deep anxiety that he is trying (unsuccessfully) to conceal. We are made to feel that we are sharing the train journey with him. The shifts in posture and movement help convey the impression of time passing as the journey continues. It is an important element of the drama that we get the impression that Kipps is being transported far from his familiar surroundings, away from his comfort zone . The journey is a physical one , but he is also going on a psychological journey too where he will have to confront his fears. At one point the actor playing Kipps opens his eyes wide , gazing out to the audience as if peering out of the train’s windows, his eyes moving from side to side as if following the scenery that is dashing by.This action adds credibility to the scene, convincing us he is on a train. When Kipps begins to shiver he gets up jerkily, conveying the movement of the train, to shut the window. This change in his movements is good stagecraft- it adds interest if the actor is not motionless and keeps our attention. .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e , .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e .postImageUrl , .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e , .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e:hover , .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e:visited , .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e:active { border:0!important; } .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e:active , .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u15bfeb016f0bd461449202af3036b02e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Discuss Shakespeare's portrayal of Shylock in 'The Merchant of Venice': is he portrayed as victim or villain EssayKipps puts his head out of the frame and then seems to fall back as if there is a strong wind . This reinforces our impression that he is vulnerable, almost losing his balance and his feeling cold and shivering could be a sign of his fear. All these movements also reinforce the impression that he really is on a train, inviting us to suspend disbelief and accept the situation he is in. As the wind pushes the Kipps character backwards , there is even the hint that the elements are foreshadowing the wild and unearthly activity that is to come. His body language becomes defensive. He crosses his arms, tightly hugging his chest protectively. His discomfort is shown further by the crossing and re-crossing of his legs. As the train pulls into a station, the man’s movement becomes slower and it is apparent the train has come to a complete stop when he suddenly jerks forward .  A new passenger enters the compartment. At first, Kipps does not look happy at the intrusion he sits up straighter, hold himself rather stiffly like people do when their space is invaded- and does not immediately greet the stranger. Yet before long the two men are talking easily, initially exchanging everyday pleasantries about the weather and journey. Kipps learns that the man , called Simon Daily, is also travelling to Crythin Gifford. Relived to be distracted from his grim work ahead, Kipps becomes more at ease as the light conversation progresses and leans forward towards Samuel Daily , conveying his genuine interest in their conversation and his appreciation for the friendly human contact.

The Chicago Defender was a newspaper that defended Essays

The Chicago Defender was a newspaper that defended Essays The Chicago Defender was a newspaper that defended race against violence and issues that America didn't discuss that would resolve for the African Americans. The Newspaper was founded by, Robert S. Abott on May 5, 1905(as cited in Chicago Defender). Abott started celling his newspapers for a very low price, working in a small kitchen. Since the paper was a northern newspaper he had more freedom to attack racial issues. With Abotts dramatic headlines and graphic images, he got his readers attention, and conveying the horror of lynching and raping (as cited in Chicago Defender). The newspaper was read broadly in the South. The newspapers had to be smuggled threw the south since people were trying to confiscate it and also threatened its readers (as cited in Chicago Defender). The Chicago Defender was passed from person to person in the South, with each paper sold and was read by four to five African Americans. This put its readership at over 500,000 each week. The Chicago Defender was the first African American newspaper to have a health column and have a full page of comic strips. Chicago Defenderon the black experience2 The Defender wages its most aggressive campaign during "The Great Depression" movement. During the Great Depression African Americans began to build a new place for themselves to confront economic and social changes. African Americans who left the south and made they're way to the north was a huge impact to the urban life. The South was where they were driven from out of their homes and surrounded by segregation, and the North provided African Americans more opportunities in life, such as industrial work. In many Northern cities African Americans population started to expand (as cited in Staff, H. (2010). Great Migration ). The Defender spoke on hazards on the remaining African Americans of the segregation in the South. The newspaper started using editorials, articles, and cartoons headlines to attract people to the movement. From the Defender's support of the movement, it caused black readers to migrate to the North where there were more opportunities for African Americans. T here were 1 million African Americans who had left the South by the end of 1919 (as cited in Chicago Defender). There were African Americans who traveled from boat, trains, and automobiles. Many blacks found a good outcome from moving out of the south to north, by finding jobs, in factories and slaughterhouses. Even though there were opportunities for work there was competition for housing in crowded cities (as cited in Staff, H. (2010). Great Migration ). The North lacked segregation, but there was still racism and prejudice. As years progressed, The Chicago Defender provided first hand coverage of evens such as the Red Summer Riots. There was a city of race riots in cities across the country. This riot impacted a lot Chicago Defenderon the black experience3 of deaths in the United States. In most deaths there were whites killing Africans Americans, and in some cases blacks fought back. This riot campaigned to anti-lynching legislation (as cited in Chicago Defender). Abott let his nephew John H. Sengstacke take control of The Chicgao Defender and Abott became the first president of the National Negro Publishers Association (as cited in Chicago Defender). The Chicago defender was the largest African American owned newspaper in the world. Chicago Defenderon the black experience4 References: History.com Staff, H. (2010). Great Migration. Retrieved February 02, 2017, from history.com/topics/black-history/great-migration New spapers The Chicago Defender ( n.d.). Retrieved February 02, 2017, from pbs.org/blackpress/news_bios/defender.html

10 Jobs Perfect for People Who Value Freedom and Want to Travel

10 Jobs Perfect for People Who Value Freedom and Want to Travel So you love to travel. The trouble is, you also, you know, have to work most days. Thank goodness it is possible to get paid to travel- oh yes, it is. Travel jobs might not be the easiest to find, but they are out there. Figure out how to earn a salary while traveling the world by checking out a few of these choice job options. 1. ArcheologistFor this, you need to have a passion both for traveling and ancient artifacts. It will require a good deal of schooling, but then you’ll be out in the field as much as you’ll be in a classroom or a lab. So get your Ph.D. or master’s, and start taking those long research trips to keep you going.2. Athletic RecruiterFind a job through a college or professional sports organization and travel the country- even the globe- scouting out talent. Being an avid sports fan is a requisite, as well thriving when you are living on the road and seeing the world.3. English Teacher AbroadYou might take for granted that you speak English, but did it ever occur to you that your natural ability is actually an asset in foreign countries? Find somewhere you really want to go and then figure out how and where you can teach English there. Any required certification is easy to acquire. You can also consider becoming an au pair and caring for children while helping them to learn English.4. Tour GuideEspecially if you’re an extrovert, you can get a job as a tour guide sharing your passion for a foreign place with other travelers. If your memory is good and you learn fast and chat well with people, you’ll be a natural.5. WWOOFLove traveling, the outdoors, and organic produce? Try WWOOF (World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms). You’ll get paid and you’ll be doing something good for the planet and for small farms and your travel will be super ethical, rather than super frivolous or exploitative. Give back!6. Flight AttendantThis seems like a pretty obvious travel-friendly career choice, but it’ s also quite enjoyable and jobs are not that hard to come by. See the world, get paid rather well, and score discounted flights for life! You’ll have to be a people person and put up with some unorthodox hours, but it’s a great way to get around.7. Cruise EmployeeThere are lots of these jobs out there in a wide variety of areas, but lots of people want them. If you do get one of these coveted gigs, you’ll be getting free room and board, and a chance to see some of the most beautiful places on earth.8. YachtieGet paid a great amount of money to work insane hours in some of the most beautiful places in the world. Free room and board, though you’ll be slaving away for almost all of your waking hours. But for the right people, this job is a dream.9. Travel AgentIf you love travel so much that you feel the need to share tips and help people plan their own travels, then why not get paid for it? Plus, you’ll enjoy deep discounts and perks when it comes ti me for your own vacations.10. Travel WriterIt’s not as impossible as you might think to get paid to write about travel. Just remember you’ll have to start somewhere- likely small and unpaid, and work your way up to recognition and compensation. But the more interesting your travels, and the better your writing, the easier a time you’ll have setting up your audience and your career.

Digital Marketing Aspects of Musclefood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Digital Marketing Aspects of Musclefood - Essay Example However, getting engaged in digital marketing techniques includes factors related with the technological compatibility of the firm and the ability of the digital platform to fulfil the organizational as well as consumer needs. This report will focus on designing the digital marketing aspects of Musclefood for improving their marketing techniques. The existing website of Musclefood has been designed by focusing only on the product and service base of the company meanwhile elements such as company information, sustainability policies, business partners, etc has been highlighted in blind spots. The company has a policy of visual content which can be seen by the limited words used for describing the content and navigation of the webpage. It was also evaluated that some subjects such as the customer feedback and deals sections are taking too much space. Although the website included interactivity but it was limited to only few portions such as the primary promotional belt of the webpage. In addition, multiple tabs have been given for highlighting various product segments, which has clamped the webpage. The praiseworthy aspect of the existing web page is the navigational system. All the tabs have automated dropdown boxes, which can easily help the customers in understanding the structure of the webpage. The above given diagram highlights the changes made in the website of Musclefood for improving the visualisation, interaction and navigation system of the website. The structure of the website has been altered in order to include more elements regarding the product and service structure of the company. It was noted that Musclefood tries to enhance their customer offerings by engaging in related diversification of their service and product base. Â   Â  

Microbial Physiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Microbial Physiology - Essay Example This lag phase needed for organism to switch over to new carbon source (lactose). Utilization of glucose and lactose is tightly regulated at gene level. All the genes which are necessary for lactose utilization are arranged in sequence called Lac operon which is regulated by catabolic repression. The following events happen during overall process. -High level of glucose leads to higher energy production and hence higher ATP and lower AMP. In this scenario there is no free cAMP which binds with CAP( activator protein which facilitates RNA polymerase binding to promoter of Lac operon)and hence there is no expression of the downstream genes. -In case of lactose, there is high level of cAMP which binds with CAP and induces the expression of Lac operon. Similarly allolactose binds to repressor protein and inhibits its binding to operator site leads to expression of lac operon. b) Here if we closely look at the data and compare the viable count of aerobic culture it indicates reduction of 1.3X105 cfu/ml when bottle heated at 80C for 10 min. Similarly, for untreated bottle anaerobic viable count is 1.22X105 cfu/ml and if heating have similar effect than there will be complete killing of anaerobic bacteria and we will not get any viable count.

Development and Diversity Essay Example for Free

Development and Diversity Essay When a child is conceived they begin to develop in the mother whom and continue to develop until adulthood. Today we look at these developments and find new ways to teach children that all develop at different rates. Throughout history child development was ignored and little attention was paid to the advantages in their early abilities such as language usage, and physical growth that occurs during childhood and adolescence. Throughout the years there has been many people have come up with theories that support the growth of the development of children. I will talk about one of these theories here. B. F. Skinner, who carried out experimental work mainly in comparative psychology from the 1930s to the 1950s, but remained behaviorisms best known theorist and exponent virtually until his death in 1990, developed a distinct kind of behaviorist philosophy, which came to be called radical behaviorism. He also claimed to have found a new version of psychological science, which he called behavior analysis or the experimental analysis of behavior (Richard Culatta) The behaviorist theory is a worldview that operates on a principle of â€Å"stimulus-response. All behavior caused by external stimuli all behavior can be explained without the need to consider internal mental states or consciousness. Originators and important contributors of this theory are John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner. The behaviorist theory is based off of positive and negative feedback to students in a classroom. It is a way to train the students in learning the correct way so they can keep moving onto the level of their education. An example can be a mouse in a cage that is really thirsty. Well the mouse will do and try anything to get out of that cage to get something to drink but when it finds the feeding bottle and see that all it has to do is push the little tab on the end to get some water the mouse is satisfied. The same go for students and children. Children will fight tooth and nail to try and get out of anything that they do not like but if they see a reward at the end they will stay with it to get the reward. This keeps them focused and controlled at the same time. There are three main contributors to this theory John B.  Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner. These three have all contributed to this theory in one way or another. John B. Watson conducted research on animals, children, and advertising to further the theory. Ivan Pavlov conducted research on temperament of children, conditioning and involuntary reflex actions. Finally B. F. Skinner invented his own philosophy called radical behaviorism. All of these men have helped to improve on the theory to help us understand children’s learn and development better so we can teach them in better ways. Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten† (B. F. Skinner) The theory of behaviorism can be used in a classroom setting in many ways. It is the way that it is used that will determine if it works for the teacher and the student or hurts the teacher and the student. Giving children goals at an early age to accomplish tasks in the classroom can be a really good thing. Children always want a reward for the things they do. They are taught that at a very early age with their parents when doing thing like picking up their rooms and getting a reward for that at home. Well that carries into the classroom setting also. To reward students is giving them very positive feedback on their work many teachers use the star system. A large chart on the wall with all the student’s names and stars for the good work they have done. This gives students a little push to do their best because they want those stars so they can be proud or even get a reward for the most stars. This is a great idea in most cases but teachers need to be careful with this also because it can backfire on them. If you have a student that is a slower learner and does not receive stars like the others this can hurt that student and their learning. Yes there has be negative feedback with positive feedback but if all the child gets is negative feedback it can lead to them just giving up and we do not want that. So we have to walk a fine line when it comes to using different techniques in the classroom. All students are different and learn different so we have to work around that so all of our students receive the same education as the other. You can use activities in your classroom that go along with behaviorism and that will benefit your students in many ways. For example take ten sentences that go along with your lesson plan. Say you are teaching about animals in your class this week you can make up ten sentences and leave one word out of each sentence. Then you would list the missing words out of order and have the children fill in the blanks with the words that are off to the side. You can give rewards for their work to stimulate them in doing their best by giving a sticker for each one they get correct. This is a good way to do it because you have a really good chance of getting at least one sticker and all are happy but most of the kids will do well because they are going to try for more than just one. There are many different theories in education that can help a teacher in the classroom. These all work to give the student a better learning experience. It is the way you use them that will determine if they work or not for you and your students. With behaviorism you need to give positive and negative feedback to your student it is that you have to walk a fine line so you do not discourage your students from learning but make them want to be the best student they can be.

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Mary Shelley Frankenstein Essays

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein An outsider is someone who is not a member of a particular circle or group of people He/She is isolated (separated) from other people and regarded as being different such as people looking, dressing, acting or talk differently. Outsiders have always been around and always will exist! Because society (i.e. - those who are not outsiders) like someone to pick on to make themselves feel better or superior. Outsiders are treated in various ways, sometimes people pity them but they are usually rejected by other people. Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein tells the story of a young Swiss student, Victor Frankenstein, who discovers the secret of animating lifeless matter and, by assembling body parts, creates a monster that valves revenge his creator (Victor Frankenstein) after being rejected from society. The novel fitted into the gothic novel, these novels were full of exaggerated horrors and when written between the late 18th and 19th century. This was also the time of romantic movements dealt with powerful feelings, nature and the idea of new beginnings and great possibilities. In England there had been great scientific discoveries especially electricity, these had lead to the industrial revolution. This revolution threatened people because they thought that machines were more powerful than they were. Shelley was born in 1797 she was the daughter of a well known writer, Mary Wollstonecraft who died while giving birth to Shelley. As a young woman, Shelley was close friends with writers and poets including Perry Bysshe, Shelley and Lord Bryran who challenged her to write a story, her gothic horror novel, Frankenstein was the result of of this challenge it's narrated by a captai... ..., Frankenstein dies, exhausted. The captain finds the creation in o cabin with the body of his creator. The scene where Captain Walton talks to the creation and it is a very moving and powerful one. First, Captain Walton's reaction on first seeing the creation is quit extreme, he says "never did I behold a vision so horrible as his face, of such loathsome, yet appalling hideousness. There was something so scaring and unearthly in his ugliness". The most moving thing of all is the way the creation talks to the Captain about himself, he revels his life in a complex was all his misery, hurt and ambitions........ To conclude in Mary Shelley's novel "Frankenstein", Victor Frankenstein has created the ultimate out cast. The unfortunate creation was rejected by his creator, victor, and by all who saw him and so he lived a miserable existence of an out cast.

Imagination vs Reality in Literature Essay

â€Å"Aren’t grown-ups supposed to read realistic fiction? What good are these wild tales, anyway? † (â€Å"Speculative† 200). In author Vandana Singh’s â€Å"A Speculative Manifesto†, she describes how important speculative fiction is in the education of students in literature. Speculative fiction is combination of several different genres of literature, such as mystery, science fiction, historical fiction and fantasy. Vandana Singh asks in her manifesto if education is based on the truth then â€Å"[w]hy not discard the old myths, legends, tall tales, and their modern counterparts, as we discard other childish things† (200). Vandana Singh believes that both children and adults need the literature for their imagination. In the manifesto, she describes who imagination allows us as humans to dream. Although science fiction and fantasy can also help ones with their imagination, through our imagination we can make up â€Å"ingenious thought-experiments, through asking ‘what-if’ questions and attempt[] to answer them† (202). According to Vandana Singh, speculative fiction allows us to question our lives and â€Å"live out possible futures before we come to them† (202). Speculative fiction and feminist literature can be intertwined together to make stories as well. Vandana Singh uses a blend of these two literature genres in order to write her short story The Woman Who Thought She Was A Planet. Although these two genres may be viewed as two separate pieces of literature, Vandana Singh uses her imagination and her background in her Indian culture to create the story. In one of Vandana Singh’s short stories, The Woman Who Thought She Was A Planet, she uses her speculative fiction beliefs and her imagination to describe a story about a woman going through â€Å"changes†. This story starts off at the kitchen table where Ramnath Mishra is partaking in his usual morning routine when his wife announced, â€Å"’I know at last what I am. I am a planet’† (39). Shocked and confused about his wife’s announcement, Ramnath believed that his wife, Kamala, had merely lost her mind. Ramnath believed that the only way for his wife to get better was to phone the doctor, however Kamala did not think she was ill. Kamala states to Ramnath, â€Å"’I am a planet. I used to be a human, a woman, a wife and mother’† (40). Ramnath could not understand how he did not actually know the person whom he has lived with for the past forty years, â€Å"[s]he looked like a stranger† (43). He thought that a planet has to be â€Å"an inanimate object circling a star† and that there was no way Kamala, a human, could be a planet (40). Living in an Indian culture, Ramnath was extremely embarrassed by his wife’s actions. She constantly tried to undress her clothes because she believed that planets do not need a sari. As Ramnath described how his great aunt went mad, â€Å"[w]hat a terrible dishonor the family had suffered, what indignity† (41). He worried that Kamala was going to create great embarrassment, not only for him but for his family’s name as well. At night, Ramnath found himself wishing Kamala dead, even began plotting different ways for going about killing her, â€Å"[h]e could not live like this† (46). One evening, as Kamala was sleeping, Ramnath noticed that she seemed to be coughing something up, which was exciting for Ramnath because he believed that she was going to die on her own, without his help. Moments later, Ramnath observed some â€Å"jelly-like† substance coming out of her mouth. He realized that this substance was made up of â€Å"small, moving things† (47). These â€Å"aliens† began pouring out of Kamala’s mouth attacking Ramnath, but not waking Kamala. In the morning, still terrified by what happened last night, Ramnath laid in bed until his wife woke up. Once awake, she explained that if she knew what was happening she would have explained to these creatures not to hurt him. Kamala explained to Ramnath that these creatures were â€Å"inhabitants† and reminded him that she is a planet. Kamala then went on to describe how the younger â€Å"inhabitants† were trying to colonized and asked Ramnath to be a planet with her. Kamala explained to Ramnath that â€Å"[a] planet needs sun†¦ My journey is just beginning† (50). Later, Ramnath and Kamala went on a walk, where Kamala ran into the park where there was a man selling balloons, which she is fascinated by. After being captivated by the way the balloons floated into the sky when letting them go, Kamala began â€Å"[s]lowly and majestically†¦ rise over the ground† (52). Her clothing slowly began to fall from the sky, as she was rotating and floated higher and higher. â€Å"For a moment [Ramnath] almost envied her† as she floated into the starts, he ran into the house and as he went to scream, â€Å"the insectoids were already marching up his back, over his shoulder and into his terrified, open mouth† (54). In an interview, Vanadana Singh was asked what her appeal to speculative fiction was, her response being, â€Å"[t]he best speculative fiction demands a boldness of imagination and a vastness of scope that no other literature can offer (Tan). In Vandana Singh’s short story, The Woman Who Thought She Was A Planet, it is shown that her imagination was used enormously in order to not only come up with the story, but to use such great detail. Speculative fiction, â€Å"with its aliens and magic and warp drives, set against the backdrop of the universe itself. † (â€Å"Manifesto† 203). In the interview, Vandana Singh also adds that â€Å"the sense of wonder that [speculative fiction] evokes, the engagement with ideas, and the fact that it provides a two-way mirror for looking at the world one wonders why everyone doesn’t read the stuff† (Tan). Not only does Vandana Singh’s short story, The Woman Who Thought She Was A Planet, use great imagination, it also includes the truths behind the Indian culture in marriage. The man of the house is the â€Å"leader† of the family. Also this story shows how it is extremely embarrassing for a woman to not only get nude in public, but in the house. The Woman Who Thought She Was A Planet is a wonderful example of a piece of feminist literature. Feminist Literature is described as a question of women’s role in society and complex conceptions of gender. In this short story, it shows that Kamala was trying to become her own woman. She believed that there were â€Å"inhabits† inside of her. She routinely attempted to take her clothing off, which infuriated Ramnath and also embarrassed him to an extreme end. An additional example of how The Woman Who Thought She Was A Planet was used for feminist critique is that it shows that in other cultures besides our own, woman are always trying to be themselves and not have to be held down to the â€Å"norms† that are expected of them. Although in this story Kamala may not have been able to control her actions completely, it shows the way the Indian culture views people when they act out and how one little action can be viewed as such an embarrassment. Works Cited Singh, Vandana. A Speculative Manifesto. Framingham: n. p. , 2008. 200-04. Print. Singh, Vandana. The Woman Who Thought She Was a Planet: And Other Stories. New Delhi, India: Zubaan, in Collaboration with Penguin India, 2008. 39-54. Print. Tan, Charles. â€Å"The World SF Blog. † The World SF Blog. The World SF Blog, 2012. Web. 10 Oct. 2013. .

Causes of the French Revolution Essay

The Gallic Revolution had many causes including ; economic. political. and geographic factors that built up until people decided to take a base. An illustration of this is in document figure 11 which has both —– and —– factors from a societal scientific discipline position. This papers shows the members of the national assembly who decided to take a base and vowed to non divide until they made a fundamental law subsequently known as the â€Å"Tennis Court Oath† . This papers truly shows the continuity the people of France had to do life every bit just for both the royals. provincials and everyone in between. As you now know there are many factors that led up to the Gallic Revolution and one of the biggest causes was economic crisis. While the royal household was happy holding banquets the people of France were hungering and many could hardly afford the monetary value of a four pool loaf of staff of life. In document figure 15 it shows how the monetary value of staff of life skyrocketed in merely a year’s clip and how much of a person’s income was spent on staff of life. Not merely was the monetary value hideous but it was the chief component in their diet so they could non travel without it. This papers is a secondary beginning and it shows both political and economic positions in a societal scientific discipline position. Another illustration of economic confusion is in document figure 10. In this papers it shows the fiscal jobs in France during 1789. The economic system was so unhealthy that non merely were the urban common mans in debt the male monarch besides was. When adding up the monetary value of nutrient. rent. tithe. revenue enhancements. and dressing it put the common mans at an amazing 170 % entire. and although it was a lesser sum the male monarch was besides in debt by a humongous 60 % . This papers has both political and economic points and even though it is a secondary beginning it truly makes you believe about how difficult it must hold been for the people to merely last. Throughout history there have been many people who wanted power. to be a leader and stand over others and demo that they are of a greater category. And to the people king Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were seeking to demo their laterality. Political positions have ever been a large portion of society and they were besides a immense subscriber to the start of the Gallic Revolution. Document figure one has a picture for both King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette which clearly shows that they are rich and powerful. As you look at Marie in this image you can see that she had no job paying a monetary value to look beautiful and Louis closet indicates that he has large luxuries and they love to demo it. This papers is a primary beginning and has political. economic. and cultural positions. Another great illustration for a political cause is document figure three. This papers non merely has a political position it besides shows economic. cultural. and psychologically positions in a primary beginning. It talks about the adversities a adult female and her hubby are confronting seeking to run into the demands of the royals. the papers states â€Å"The revenue enhancements and feudal dues are oppressing us. † What sent many people over the border was non being treated reasonably until they eventually snapped.

7 Ways to Improve your Creativity and Become a Better Writer by lauren Gartner

7 Ways to Improve your Creativity and Become a Better Writer 7 Ways to Improve your Creativity and Become a Better Writer If you are a writer, creativity is your lifeblood. It does not matter if you write fiction, advertising copy, news articles, technical and training materials, or text books. The writing process still requires you to think of new and different ways to communicate thoughts, information, and experiences to your readers. If you struggle with what to write next, or if you feel as if you are constantly writing the same thing over and over again, you probably need a creativity boost. When many writers are stuck in this sort of rut, they focus on methods of developing creativity that only focus on writing. Many of these are great (we’ll cover a few below), however, if you want to truly improve your creativity, you have to take a holistic approach. This means becoming a more creative person overall. Because getting started on this journey can be so difficult, here are 7 ways that you can boost your creativity. 1. Drop the Idea that Creativity must Result in a Product If you give up any creative suit the moment you realize that you will not end up with a tangible product, you will never improve your creativity. Developing and improving your creativity is a process. Improving your creativity requires immersing yourself in that process without being concerned about the final results. Try thinking of it like this; an experienced and gifted painter can effortlessly produce a beautiful painting and use little to no creativity while doing so. An inexperienced artist can spend an hour or more using lots of creative energy just conceptualizing a painting and doing some rough drawings. 2. Wake up Early and try Morning Pages The idea of  morning pages  is to wake up each morning and write three pages in longhand. The idea behind this is to simply write without self-editing or being concerned with the final product. Spelling, grammar, voice, and sequence should be the last thing on your mind while you do this. Whatever thoughts, ideas, words, fragments, sentences that come to you, go directly down on paper. Some people believe that it is the writing that builds creativity. Other people believe that this is essentially an information dump that gives room for new creative focus. 3. Indulge your Curiosity How many times in a day do you become curious about something, ‘I wonder how they do that?’, ‘where does this come from?’, ‘who designed that building I drive by every day?’, ‘what was the name of that book?’. How often do you allow yourself the time to pursue those questions? If you brush your own curiosity aside in order to deal with more practical matters, you are doing yourself a major disservice. Pursuing creativity, even if you feel that the subject is trivial opens your mind to new ideas and information. 4. Schedule time to be Creative How can you develop your creativity and become a better writer if you won’t even pencil in time for creativity into your weekly schedule? Give yourself time to work on creative projects each week. 5. Remember that Creativity is not a Talent Creativity is a  learned skill. Developing the creativity you need to become a better writer means that you have to you have to put in work. Natural creativity is a myth as is the idea that a person is simply not creative. 6. Attend Creative Events Visit art museums. Go to concerts. Go to conventions. Invite your friends and drink wine and sculpt or paint in a public art studio! Attend a poetry slam. 7. Try a Different kind of Writing Every once in a while, switch things up and do a bit of writing in a genre or category that isn’t in your wheel house. If you write non-fiction, try writing a poem. If your focus is short stories, try writing a review of the last restaurant you visited. You’ll use different vocabulary when you do this, and you’ll engage different parts of your mind.

A Study of the Relation of Gender and Self-Esteem in Conformity

A Study of the Relation of Gender and Self-Esteem in Conformity Abstract Conformity studies have been extensive following Asch’s (1956) classic line judgement task. Numerous factors have been purported to affect conformity behaviours. The present study investigates gender differences in conforming behaviours, and how self-esteem is associated with conformity, by replicating Asch’s original experiment. The study further explores if self-esteem is associated with conformity differently between gender groups. Twenty-two psychology undergraduates (eight males and fourteen females) were recruited. An independent t-test and bivariate correlation analyses were used to analyse the data. The results revealed 1) no gender difference in conforming behaviours, 2) a significant negative correlation between self-esteem and conforming behaviours, 3) differential association of self-esteem and conformity between males and females. In all, the results suggest that conformity is influenced by an individual’s sense of self-worth instead of a person†™s gender identity; gender may be a moderating variable in self-esteem and conformity research that future studies can explore. Gender and Self-Esteem Differences in Conformity: Revisiting Asch’s Conformity Test People are often faced with situations where they are pressurized to conform to certain norms or behaviours. Conformity is the change in behaviours in response to real or imagined pressure from members of the social environment (Gilovich, Keltner, Chen, Nisbett, 2013). In a classic study by Asch (1956), it was demonstrated that people can give obviously wrong answers even when they knew it was incorrect because of the sense of pressure from others. Specifically, participants in the study were shown three different comparison lines and were asked which line was similar to a target line presented adjacent. The participants were seated among a group of 7 to 9 and had to answer after the others indicated their response. There was only one participant in each group and the rest were confederates who gave unanimous incorrect answers on specified trials, known as critical trials. Approximately 75% of the participants conformed on at least one trial – of these participants, 5% confor med on all critical trials. Qualitative analysis after the experiment revealed that the participants knew the answers were incorrect, but felt the need to conform as they did not want to feel rejected, suggesting that people have a psychological need to fit in with a group. The yielding to group pressure because of a need to fit in is termed normative social influence, as opposed to informational social influence wherein people are uncertain of a situation and look to others for guidance (Asch, 1956; Gilovich et al, 2013). Clearly, Asch’s study explores the aspect of normative social influence. Numerous studies had since found divergent findings (Bond Smith, 1996; Mori Arai, 2010), questioning the external validity of the study. Perhaps the most important limitation to Asch’s study was the use of only male participants, indicating the need for further studies exploring gender differences. Literature on gender differences remains inconsistent – while women was generally found to conform more than men in the past (Bond Smith, 1996), recent studies suggest no gender differences (Rosander Eriksson, 2012), or mixed results in conformity between gender groups (Enjanjan, Zeigler-Hill, Vonk, 2015). Reviewing Gender Differences Women were generally found to conform more than men possibly due to gender roles and the conforming towards such roles during the period (1960s – 1990s) when the experiments took place (Rosander Eriksson, 2012). The social identity of women was arguably more submissive and conforming than present. Good and Sanchez (2010) posited that people conform to gender roles of the society due to intrinsic enjoyment of pulling together an individual’s actual and ideal selves, or due to extrinsic pressure from society. According to the self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, as cited in Gilovich et al., 2013), people are constantly motivated to compare between their actual selves – representing who people truly believe themselves to be – and two other selves, the ideal and ought selves. The former refers to the more positive connotation of people’s ambitions and what others maintain about them; the latter refers to the sense of obligation people feel pressurized to follow. Bond and Smith (1996) meta-analysis seems to substantiate this theory. In retrospect, the review was also done in the 1990s and conformity behaviours might have changed since then. Agreeably, Rosander and Eriksson (2012) found that women did not conform more than men. The study utilized the Asch’s paradigm, but on the internet where participants were not interacting face-to-face with each other. An additional measure of task difficulty (Easy/Difficult) was introduced. The overall conformity result was like Asch’s original study. Additionally, men were found to conform more than women on difficult task (specifically on difficult and logical questions, for details see Rosander Eriksson, 2012). This is corroborated by Enjanjan and colleagues (2015) where men with varying levels of self-esteem were found to conform more on difficult trials. Furthermore, women might not have been more conforming but that men tend to report less conformity depending on the context (Rosander Eriksson, 2012). Recent explanation of why men conform less alludes to the idea that non-conformity portrays uniqueness, thus making an individual stand out and increase prospective opportunities such as leadership roles (Griskevicius, Goldstein, Mortensen, Cialdini, Kenrick, 2006; Rosander Eriksson, 2012). Taken together, the findings suggest no concrete direction of gender difference, and hints a relationship between conformity and self-esteem. Reviewing Self-Esteem in Conformity Following the self-discrepancy theory, conformity towards ascribed norms may increase self-esteem due to inherent positive feelings. Conversely, conforming due to feelings of pressure may induce lower levels of self-esteem (Good Sanchez, 2010; Gilovich et al., 2013). Alternatively, this paper aims to identify if self-esteem levels affect people’s conforming behaviours. One of the main reasons people conform is the desire to fit in or to be correct (i.e. normative and informational social influences, Gilovich et al., 2013). Since these desires are associated with self-esteem (Enjanjan et al., 2016), it is intuitive to think that people with low self-esteem conforms more. Truly, studies converge on the notion that individuals with low self-esteem tend to conform more than individuals with high self-esteem (Enjanjan et al., 2016), possibly to protect their weak sense of self and mitigate the damaging impacts of failure (Ardnt, Schimel, Greenberg, Pyszczynski, 2002). Research on the relationship of gender in self-esteem and conformity remained scarce, with identifiable studies placing self-esteem as the outcome/dependent variable in their study instead of conformity (Good Sanchez, 2010). Due to inconsistencies in the literature, this paper expects a non-directional gender difference in rate of conformity. Next, it is expected that self-esteem is negatively correlated with conformity. Finally, this paper further explores if self-esteem levels between gender groups is differently associated with conformity. Methods Design There were two designs of the study – a between-subject quasi-experimental design for test of group difference and a correlational design for test of association. The independent variable for the former test was gender; the dependent variable was social conformity operationalised as the rate of conformity (out of 12 critical trials) of Asch’s (1956) conformity test. Self-esteem, measured using Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965a), was correlated with the dependent variable. Participants responded to both RSES and the conformity experiment. Participants A total of 22 Participants (8 Males, 14 Females), age ranging from 18 – 25 years (M = 20.7, SD = 2.35 years) were recruited from James Cook University as part of their course requirement PY3102. Majority of the participants (N = 19) were First year students, and the remaining (N = 3) were Second year students. All participants were included in the study as all relevant details were filled up in both the demographics form (Gender, Age, and Year of study in college), and all participants completed the experiment. Materials Asch’s (1956) line judgement task. Microsoft PowerPoint 2016 was used to create the stimuli and presented through in-class overhead projector in James Cook University Singapore, room C2-06. The stimuli (Appendix A) consist of 18 trials of line judgement test, 12 of which were critical trials whereby the researcher recorded responses of the participants. The confederates were told to give wrong responses unanimously on the critical trials. The target lines were copied exactly (copy-paste function) from the correct comparison line while the remaining lines were created such that the correct answer was always obvious. All lines were between 2 – 10 inches (5.08cm – 25.40cm) following the original study. Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES; 1965a). The RSES is a 10-item scale that measures feelings of self-worth by assessing both positive and negative feelings about the self (Rosenberg, 1965b). The items are scored on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items 2, 5, 6, 8, 9 are reverse scored. Item scores are summed and higher scores indicate higher self-esteem (Appendix B). The scale was found to have good internal consistency, a = .91, and demonstrated good internal and external validity (Sinclair et al., 2010). Procedure Participants were given an information sheet and were told that their participation is completely voluntary; they could leave at any point in the experiment. Only one participant was present for each experiment. Upon agreeing to informed consent and filling up of the demographics sheet, participants completed the RSES. Participants were told that they were in a group study of visual judgement together with three other confederates, and were assigned to the last seat in the row. The researcher presented the line judgement task on screen (5 metres away) and participants had to answer: â€Å"Which comparison line A, B, or C is the same as the target line?† after responses from all confederates. The confederates were instructed to give unanimous correct responses on trials 1, 2, 6, 10, 15, and 16 (randomly generated order, except for 1 and 2, following Asch’s original study), while incorrect responses for all other trials (critical trials). Only responses from the critical trials were recorded. Finally, participants were debriefed and given the true nature of the experiment. Statistical Analysis IBM SPSS 22 was used to analyse the data. An independent t test was used to test for gender differences and bivariate correlation analysis was used to test for the relationship between self-esteem and the dependent variable. Results The present study explored gender differences in social conformity, and its relationship to self-esteem. Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics of each group. Contrary to the hypothesis, an independent t test revealed no significant differences between male and female, t(20)= -0.067, p = .947, 95% CI [-0.256, 0.240]. A significant moderate negative correlation was found between self-esteem and social conformity, r(20) = -.58, p = .004, indicating that people with higher self-esteem tend to conform less. Finally, this study further explored if self-esteem levels between males and females would be associated differently with rate of conformity. A bivariate correlation analysis between gender groups indicated differential association with conformity – there was a significant strong negative correlation in the female group, r(12) = -.73, p = .003; there was no significant correlation in the male group, r(6) = -.31, p = .45. Discussion In all, the results revealed no gender differences in rate of conformity, a significantly moderate negative correlation of self-esteem and conformity, and different associations of self-esteem and conformity in males and females – women with higher self-esteem seems to conform less, while there was no significant correlation in men with varying levels of self-esteem. Contrary to previous findings, it appears that males and females do not differ in their rate of conformity. One possible explanation can be that gender roles in the current globalized society are not as prominent and people are more liberal in their social identity, thus blurring the distinction between gender. The result was consistent with the hypothesis of negative correlation of self-esteem and conformity, thus supporting previous findings and the notion that conforming behaviours seem to be a form of defensiveness toward threats to the self (i.e. fear of criticism or judgement by others, feeling excluded etc). Additionally, this paper showed that different levels of self-esteem in males and females are associated with conformity, consistent with Enjanjan et al.’s (2016) findings. It is likely that females with low self-esteem value the desire to be liked by others more than men with low self-esteem, while women with high self-esteem is more confident to make autonomous decisions. Conversely, men probably do not consider conforming behaviours as being impactful to their self-esteem as they may feel that uniqueness is a preferable trait rather than being liked by others. However, it is puzzling that no gender difference emerged overall, but differential associations emerged at var ying levels of self-esteem in males and females. The findings imply that conformity in people may be related more to an individual’s sense of self-worth rather than to gender, and complex interactions may exist between gender groups and self-esteem levels. The findings may be of interest to people working in groups, especially leaders – to identify the tendency for people to conform and therefore impeding productive generation of ideas. Limitations and Future Directions This study is limited due to the small sample size (N = 22), and very low count of male participants (n = 8). Also, all participants were psychology students and they might have guessed the nature of the study. This was controlled by asking for the year of study – with older-year students having the tendency to guess the true nature. Furthermore, due to the quasi-experimental nature, random assignment was not possible thereby confounding the results. Future studies may recruit more participants and include a question at the end of the experiment (â€Å"What is the study about?†) to exclude participants who know the true nature of the study. This was not done in the present study due to restrictive sample size. Perhaps with adjustments to the study and with more advanced statistical procedures, complex interactions between gender, self-esteem, and conformity can be discovered.