East of Eden Essay: Mans Creation of God Exposed :: East Eden Essays

Man's Creation of God Exposed in East of Eden   â â â It would be ridiculous in the event that we didn't comprehend the two blessed messengers and villains, since we developed them (133). What might likewise be foolish would be on the off chance that we decided to have confidence in them. The Bible is composed like any cutting edge novel, it is composed just as it is genuine. Obviously, in a novel originating from a shepherding people, the almighty God character favors sheep to product of the land. John Steinbeck's East of Eden-a retelling of the Cain and Abel story-clarifies a considerable lot of the reasons why in reverse strict thoughts are clung to and the shortcomings behind them. Through his characters, Steinbeck investigates human instinct to uncover the enthusiastic requirement for religion and the circumstances in the public eye that encourage it.   â â â in the public eye, individuals stick to similarity. It's a simple method to evade inconvenience or disparagement. Cyrus discloses this to Adam when he's depicting life in the military: you'll do things in light of the fact that the others do them. You'll feel the peril in any distinction whatever-a peril to the entire horde of like-thinking, such as acting men. And what happens when somebody doesn't acclimate? The entire machine commits itself icily to the annihilation of his distinction. (25)  â â â For some individuals it's a lot simpler for them to not have an independent mind. They let the gathering, society, or their pioneers think for them. One case of this is the enormous after strict pioneers have. Individuals are educated to have confidence, that accepting is seeing and not the opposite way around.  â â â When Adam discovers that his dad a character who speaks to God to Charles and Adam-was a misrepresentation he decides to not trust it: I have faith in the war he did exactly what he said he did and was exactly where he said he was. What about the verification the papers? I accept they are incorrect. I have confidence in my dad (70). So Adam decides to have confidence in his dad, despite the fact that there is verification that his dad was a cheat, an untruth, and won't take a gander at the papers.   â â â But why not take a gander at the papers? What shields Adam from confronting realities? It is on the grounds that papers are no match at all for [his] confidence in [his] father (71). He has confidence to ensure him, shutting your eyes to reason and looking with your heart. Yet, this is past confidence; this is visually impaired confidence accepting without seeing, trusting without reason.

Multiple topics outlined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Different themes illustrated - Essay Example Creator concentrated on the connection with ordinary things. He changed his point if see. He has become more phenomenological than an experientialist, and this progress is very crucial. It is seen that from last numerous years, there are no demonstrated ideas accessible, which are identified with the study of experience based rationale. He was expecting an astonishment from his positivist associates. His ideas are transformed from the conventional methodology of hard science. The methodology of hard science depends on exploratory outcomes and it should be a goal, positivist, thorough and sensible methodology. Another methodology of convenience structure or experience plan needs a psychological mentality and it is ordinarily known as abstract, post-positivist and experientialist approach. The creator concentrated on the polarity of goal and emotional methodologies. The book is essentially about the passionate plans. This is the fourth book by Norman on the subject about ordinary thing s. The other three books are not identified with the subject of this book, yet all these are just used to comprehend the sentiments of the writer. The book contains the part on â€Å"Personal Reflections†; this is known as the boost of book. Comprehension is rutted idea with identified with feelings. The sign of two in the usefulness or conduct depicts the great item that implies the great structure of the item with including the viability of the item too. As indicated by the past ideas of Norman’s center was around ease of use and the social sign, and his new changed ideas introduced in this book are identified with the adequacy of the item as opposed to the structure. The short portrayal around three fundamental qualities of the compelling, conduct and subjective segments are introduced here in the paper. Three distinct angles identified with the structure of the item are appeared here. The three parts of items configuration are named as instinctive structure, conduc t plan and the intellectual or intelligent plan. The instinctive plan is about the external most appearance of the item. This might be in the sort of sight, sound, smell or feel and so forth. The prompt and powerful reaction, feelings about the planned item is the center of this part of structure. The conduct viewpoint is about the delight and adequacy of utilization. The reaction from instinctive viewpoint is significant for social angle. The awful or geed reaction mirrors the exhibition of the item. The primary motivation behind this part of configuration is capacities, execution and ease of use of the planned item. In the third part of subjective plan the justification of decision is thought of. The comprehension of the item is the principle part of this perspective. For the plan technique of any sort of item or thing, these three angles must be followed. Without following these ideas, creation of items is about unrealistic. As indicated by Norma’s hypothesis, feelings are changed in the manner in which we think, implies that our feelings are subject to the reasoning. He composed that feelings are significant for things utilized in our regular day to day existence. So the emotional perspective is more requested for ordinary things as contrasted and target approach. The creator outlined his idea about goal and emotional methodologies through many related models. The developments are generally legitimate based because of requirement for business perspective somewhat considered as the feeling. Creator accepts that progression in the

Signs and Symptoms of Sex Addiction

Signs and Symptoms of Sex Addiction Addiction Addictive Behaviors Sex Print Signs and Symptoms of Sex Addiction By Jerry Kennard Jerry Kennard, PhD, is a psychologist and associate fellow of the British Psychological Society. Learn about our editorial policy Jerry Kennard Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 28, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 05, 2020 monkeybusinessimages / Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Sex Caffeine Internet Shopping Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Sex addiction can be conceptualized as the compulsive engagement in sex despite negative consequences. Moreover, it is a  behavior that is emotionally distressing rather than fulfilling. The concept of sex addiction has been thought of in a variety of ways. A sexual addiction does share many of the hallmarks of  clinical addiction. One of these hallmarks of addiction is that the person will be unable to control their behavior even if the negative consequences are clear (or even likely) people with a sex addiction will be unable to stop the behavior unless there is some sort of intervening event. The Difference Between an Addiction and a Compulsion As opposed to someone with a healthy sex drive, a person with a sex addiction will spend a  disproportionate amount of time seeking or engaging in sex while keeping the activity secret from others.?? As a result, personal and professional relationships may suffer. There may even be an increased risk of  sexually transmitted infection, including HIV, if a person is unable to rein in their sexual impulses. People with a sex addiction often will use sex as a form of escape from other emotional and psychological problems, including stress, anxiety, depression, and social isolation.?? Defining Features Commonly Found in People With Sex Addiction Not everyone in the medical community is convinced that sex addiction is an established diagnosis.?? Because of this, sex addiction  is not listed as a clinical diagnosis in the  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders  (DSM) published by the  American Psychiatric Association  (APA). As a result, the diagnostic criteria for a sex addiction is often vague and subjective. However, several defining features common to people with sex addiction have been suggested.: Sex dominates the persons life to the exclusion of other activities.The person masturbates habitually when alone.The person engages in other forms of sex when alone, including phone sex, pornography, or computer sex.  The person engages in sex with multiple partners and/or has extramarital affairs.Sexual activities may be inappropriate and/or risky and may include exhibitionism, public sex, sex with prostitutes, or regular attendance at sex clubs.The constant urge  for sex is typically interspersed with feelings of regret, anxiety, depression, or shame. In fact, a sexual addiction is most often characterized by a vicious circle of hypersexuality and low self-esteem.?? Although sex can bring short-term relief, the harm to the persons psychological well-being will often increase and worsen over time. A person does not have to engage in extreme or strange sex to have an addiction. They will simply be unable to stop themselves despite the harm that they know may result from their behavior. Causes   There are a number of theories as to why a sexual addiction occurs. Some of these involve conceptualizing a sex addiction as a form of impulse control, obsessive-compulsive or relationship disorder. They also include the idea that in some individuals sexual addictions emerge as a consequence and way of coping with early traumas, including sexual trauma. In some forms of mental illness (such as bipolar disorder), hypersexuality may be a symptom. In certain instances, neurological disorders (such as epilepsy, head injury, or dementia), have been known to cause hypersexual behaviors. Certain drugs that impact dopamine may also rarely do the same. Getting Help for Sex Addiction Sexual addiction requires treatment from a medical professional experienced in the field, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or sex therapist.?? Treatment can vary based on the underlying cause, but will typically be conducted on an outpatient basis with counseling and behavioral therapies. If the sex addiction is associated with an anxiety disorder or mood disorder, medications may be prescribed as part of the treatment plan. There are currently no established recommendations on the appropriate use of medications to treat a sex addiction outside of the realm of these clinically classified disorders. The first point of contact can be a family doctor or local psychiatric association, both of which can make a referral to the appropriate specialist. Marital therapy may also be helpful.?? There are also a growing number of sex addiction support groups, some of which deal with co-additions (such as sex and substance abuse) and others of which are built on a 12-step recovery model.

Philosophical Approaches to Ethical Decision Making Matrix

Associate Level Material Appendix B Philosophical Approaches to Ethical Decision Making Matrix Determine the ethical course of action for the following three scenarios from the perspective of each of the three philosophical approaches: consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Then, complete the matrix below by writing a few sentences stating the ethical course of action and the reasoning from that approach’s perspective. Clearly differentiate the reasons for each of the three approaches. Keep in mind that, although rationale might differ, the ethical course of action for a given scenario might be the same for each philosophical approach. Be sure to state the ethical course of action as well as the rationale†¦show more content†¦| | |Deontology |The city is in distress financially and is in need of help, making the decision | | | |good for the community. The proposal assists the obligation of the mayor to the | | | |community and the mayor should look at the positive outcome. | | |Virtue Ethics |The nursing home and the new project will ensure that everyone in the community | | | |has benefited to the decision. | |Scenario 2 |Consequentialism |By Catalina reporting the sale, the extra bonuses will be missed by everyone, but| | | |the positives outnumber the negatives. | | |Deontology |She is part of a team and has an obligation to her team, why should her team | | | |suffer because she could not make her sales quota? | | |Virtue Ethics |Catalina’s reputation is on the line, it is not right for her to reportShow MoreRelatedChapter One- Strategic Management Strategic Management Comprises of Two Words Strategy and Management. Simply Put, Strategy Is a Companys Game Plan. Strategy Can Be Defined as Large-Scale, Future-Oriented Plans for5766 Words   |  24 Pagescompetitive environment to achieve company objectives while management is defined as the act of getting activities completed efficiently and effectively with and through other peoples. Strategic Management can therefore be defined as the set of decisions and actions that result in the formulation and implementation of plans designed to achieve a company’s objectives. This process therefore comprises of three critical tasks and they are as follows: * Design the company’s mission, vision, purposeRead MoreCase 1 Fordlandia2871 Words   |  12 Pagesafford a Model T ï‚ § Rise of middle class ï‚ § Vertically integrated company ï‚ § However, one major exception: rubber for tire production ï‚ § Natural rubber had mainly been sourced from British plantations in Southeast Asia 6 Fordlà ¢ndia ï‚ § Henry Ford’s decision to establish plantation in Amazon basin ï‚ § Aim: to decrease dependence on British suppliers, to lower cost of transportation ï‚ § Large-scale investment, Henry Ford’s pet project ï‚ § Land bought of the size of 20,000 km2 ï‚ § After 7 years, plantation shouldRead MoreSocial Justice in India4181 Words   |  17 Pagesthe theme of justice has occupied a high ground in philosophical discussions since the beginning of political philosophy, yet in terms of democracy and popular politics its exact meaning and implications have been nebulous, one of the reasons being the fact that justice in reality is a meeting ground of many ideas, situations, concepts, expectations, mechanisms, and practices. Many things intersect to form the context of social justice – ethical ideas of the people, laws, the evolving nature of claimsRead MoreCan Political Leaders Be Profiled From A Distance?3597 Words   |  15 Pagesmakers is important because a persons personality plays a key role in the decisions they will make; as well as how they will react in certain situations. This is especially important with political leaders and policy makers because their decisions and reactions have a ripple effect not only across their state but also across the globe. There are four conditions in which a political leaders personality is important: (1) the decision maker has a strategic location; (2) unclear or unstable situations; (3)Read MoreStarbucks Business Plan31663 Words   |  127 Pages 4.3.2.3.1.2 Social factors 44 4.3.2.3.1.3 Personal factor 44 4.3.2.3.2 The Five-Stages Model 45 4.3.2.3.2.1 Problem recognition 46 4.3.2.3.2.2 Information search 46 4.3.2.3.2.3 Evaluation of alternatives 47 4.3.2.3.2.4 Purchase decision 47 4.3.2.3.2.5 Postpurchase behavior 47 4.3.2.4 Competition 48 4.3.2.4.1 Identifying competitors 48 4.3.2.4.2 Strategies,objectives,strengths and weaknesses and selecting competitors 49 Read MoreThe Leadership Style of Richard Branson Contributes to the Success of the Virgin Group2109 Words   |  8 Pagesactivities in the 1970s. To date, Virgin has created more than 300 companies globally, employing over 50,000 people in 30 countries. In 2009, global revenues exceeded $18 billion US with a portfolio that continues to grow. The company believes in making a difference, and is quite particular about the manner in which they invest, or assist in marketing new ventures. Several things appear to ensure that anything that has a Virgin brand is successful: 1) the brand, 2) Richard Bransons reputation; 3)Read MoreEducational drama in education8389 Words   |  34 Pagesmulti†dimensional analysis of the data, in terms of the pedagogical themes that began to emerge. The final section of the paper suggests that there are many pedagog ical approaches common to educational drama and ESD and that, indeed, a range of dramatic techniques and conventions can be an important addition to the repertoire of active learning approaches employed by the ESD educator. View full text Download full text Keywords education for sustainable development,   educational drama,   pedagogy,   ecopedagogyRead MoreMoral Education - David Purpel2944 Words   |  12 Pagesmovement that, ironically, contributed to our moral paralysis,either through misguided efforts to be neutral or ill-guided efforts to preserveconventional morality or both. To demonstratemy point, I focus (briefly)on the three most prominent recent approaches-the Simon and Raths values clarification approach; Kohlberg s cognitive-developmentaltheory; and the pro-social movement, perhaps best representedby the writingsof Kevin Ryan. The values clarificationprogram involves an ingenious and deceptivelyRead MoreProvide Leadership Across and Organisation - Qantas5612 Words   |  23 PagesBuilding Trust, Confidence and Respect 5 Monitoring the Global Environment and New Technology 6 Flexibility and Adaptability to Change 6 Consultation 7 Decision Making 8 Risk Management Plans 9 10 10 Accountabilities and Responsibilities 11 Resource Management 11 Delegation 11 Positive Work Environment 12 Innovation 13 Ethical Conduct 13 Interpersonal and Leadership Styles 14 Personal Objectives 14 Self-Performance and Professional Competence 15 Industry/ ProfessionalRead MoreManagement Control Systems Pdf115000 Words   |  460 Pages rI B S U se O nl y C la s s of 20 09 Contents PART I: AN OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Introduction to Management Control Systems Approaches to Management Control Systems Designing Management Control Systems Key Success Variables as Control Indicators Organizing for Adaptive Control Autonomy and Responsibility Transfer Pricing 3 15 28 42 57 71 87 PART II: MANAGEMENT CONTROL ENVIRONMENT

Franklin D Roosevelt s New Deal - 2091 Words

I spent a little time on you tube during my research for this essay in order to get an idea of how several current documentaries portray Franklin D Roosevelt’s New Deal implementations during his presidency throughout the Great Depression. I felt that many of the documentaries seemed only to highlight the benefits of FDR’s leadership as president. I couldn’t help but disagree because some of the mentioned â€Å"benefits† just didn’t sound like benefits from my perspective. I also noticed the overwhelming amount of viewer comments left on many of the videos, somewhat to my surprise, were often praising Roosevelt’s actions and contributing the economical come back from the depression to Roosevelt himself with little regard to WWII. What raised my interest even more was the fact that many of the viewers also made sure they mentioned things like: how our current president, Barrack Obama is equally great, as aggressive/ progressive, sensitive t o the needs of the masses, and following in the same foot steps as Roosevelt once did. Ultimately my you tube search made it somewhat easier for me to form an opinion on President Roosevelt’s actions during The Great Depression by prompting me to compare a few of our current President, Barack Obama’s, decisions. With that being said I will answer the essay prompt a little differently with hopes that comparison might help me gain a better understanding of economics, feed my curiosity, and ultimately answer the essay prompt effectively.Show MoreRelatedPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal1374 Words   |  6 PagesPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal did not solve the problems of the Great Depression and slowed economic recovery for America until World War II. The Great Depression brought about a high unemployment, and the New Deal did not deal with it successfully. The Democratic Party benefited from the New Deal’s social and work programs be cause it shifted the African American vote from Republican to Democrat. (Powell, 2003) Some of the programs from the New Deal that exist today are broken and manipulatedRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal1119 Words   |  5 PagesWhen President Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected in 1932, he took office in one of the worst economic crises in American history. The preceding three years were three years of significant hardship that took a toll on the nation’s morale. He won the presidency in a landslide vote over the fairly conservative incumbent Herbert Hoover showing the American people were desperate for changes that could restore the nation to economic prosperity seen in the 1920’s. Once he was inaugurated, he quickly jumpedRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal1772 Words   |  8 Pagesneeded their spirits restored. The 32nd president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, assumed the Presidency in 1932 and intended to revive America with his economic stimulus p lan, the New Deal (Tindall Shi, 2013). Although Roosevelt’s New Deal did not end the Great Depression, Roosevelt’s New Deal cannot be deemed as a failure, but rather a success, as the New Deal provided short-term economic relief and long-term structural reform. When Franklin Roosevelt took office, the Great Depression was nearly at itsRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt s Impact On The New Deal939 Words   |  4 Pages3.)Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected into office in 1932 and promised a new deal for Americans. From a social welfare perspective he was viewed as the best president because he advanced social welfare policies. Initial proposals were timid at this time and focused on balancing budgets, similar to prior thinking. Once Roosevelt was elected into office, the activism of those suffering helped push this period in a more progressive era. In 1933 Roosevelt initiated a variety of programs and policies duringRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal1279 Words   |  6 Pagesnation was in a state of crisis when Franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933. The Great Depression had caused severe unemployment (up to 90% in some cities!), business failures, and serious disruptions in international trade. It’s no understatement that Roosevelt had a lot of work to do to fix the nation and restore trust in the government! This is when FDR’s New Deal comes in. As an AP US History student, it is important for you to know what the New Deal is, but also why it is important. ThisRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt s Implementation Of The New Deal Essay2062 Words   |  9 Pagescontributed to Franklin D. Roosevelt’s implementation of the New Deal in an attempt to restore confidence in the economy, and the political system. Ultimately, it would still take years until the world economy and especially the United States economy was anywhere near its pre stock market crash levels. The success of the New Deal was short lived when the economy started to take a turn downward in the late 1930s, because FDR could not get enough demand to successfully implement his New Deal. In 1939 thereRead MoreThe Great Depression By Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal Legislation1115 Words   |  5 Pagesone of the longest and innermost economic downturn in the world of history between the years of 1929 and 1939. Also, The Great Depression led to the Federal Government having a more involved role in America s economy, this was done through the creation of Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal Legislation, which turned out to be effective because, he helped the American people find more jobs, he created social security, and many more beneficial acts. On the other hand, The Great Depression had manyRead MoreThe Social Security Act ( Ssa ) Of President Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal1102 Words   |  5 Pages1935 was drafted during the Great Depression as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal. The SSA was an attempt to limit what were seen as dangers in the American life, including old age, poverty, unemployment, and the burden of widows and fatherless children. The SSA was intended to provide a minimal level of sustenance to older Americans, saving them from poverty. By signing the Social Security Act, President Roosevelt became the first president to advocate federal assistance fo r theRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt : An Effective American President And Leader1509 Words   |  7 Pages1 Bernier Abby Bernier Mrs. Walden Sophomore Honors History Period 1 8 December 2014 The Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt Thesis: Franklin D. Roosevelt was an effective American president and leader. Franklin D. Roosevelt was a powerful leader and one of the most highly regarded presidents in American history. He connected well with American people, had a strong character, possessed a clear vision for America, had valuable political skills, and could lead people in challenging times. With recentRead MoreThe New Deal: Franklin Roosevelt879 Words   |  4 Pages The term, The New Deal, comes from Franklin Roosevelt’s 1932 democratic presidential nomination acceptance speech, Roosevelt says, I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people.(Referring to the great depression) Roosevelt explains the New Deal as a use of the authority of government as an organized form of self-help for all classes and groups and sections of our country. The New Deal program was born in a Brain Trust meeting prior to Roosevelt’s inauguration. (Anonymous)

Analyses of the Extent to Which the Reliability Free Essays

In Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, a patient suffering from schizophrenia was chosen to narrate the story, which greatly affects our perception of the events in the novel. The world that Kesey creates in the novel is through the eyes of Chief Bromden, a chronic patient in the ward. Bromden’s observant nature causes for very detailed descriptions of the events in the novel. We will write a custom essay sample on Analyses of the Extent to Which the Reliability or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chief fakes being deaf, and as a result, he is able to eavesdrop any conversation in the ward, often being able to reveal foreshadowing details, and otherwise secret information. Although these characteristics make him a reliable source and a good narrator, Chief’s schizophrenic episodes and paranoid nature create skewed views of reality, with very little distinction as to what is a literary device, or what is literally a hallucination. If the narration were given through a more rational character, such as McMurphy, the differentiation between delusion and actuality would have been more cogent. Using Chief Bromden as a narrator restricts the reader’s perception of the novel, despite this, a very reliable and creative perspective of the events is then created, which gives a huge edge to the novel. The very detailed accounts of the events make each scene seem more real. As the very descriptive narrator that Bromden is, the world that he describes is very unique. Chief uses the metaphor that the world is a â€Å"combine† in that it takes the undesirable or less than perfect members of society, mangles, chops, and slashes them into the proper shape and size for acceptability, and then spits them right back out. In the words of Bromden, â€Å"The ward is a factory for the Combine. It’s for fixing up mistakes made in the neighborhoods and in the schools and in the churches, the hospital is. When a completed product goes back out into society, all fixed up good as new, better than new sometimes, it brings joy to the Big Nurse’s heart. † It’s these kinds of comparisons made by Bromden that are exclusively his own, and explain the types of views held by the beats generation, such as their views on the dangers of conformity. Despite the extensive detail used in Bromden’s descriptions, such as the striking detail used in describing Nurse Ratched’s log book â€Å"They spy on each other. Sometimes one man says something about himself that he didn’t aim to slip, and one of his buddies†¦ sidles over to the big log book by the Nurses’ Station and writes down the piece of information he heard of- of therapeutic interest to the whole ward, is what the Big Nurse says the book is for†¦ † But on the other side of the spectrum, Bromden’s schizophrenia adds a sort of shroud to the perception that people get from his narrations. So she really lets herself go and her painted smile twists, stretches to an open snarl, and she blows up bigger and bigger, big as a tractor, so big I can smell the machinery inside the way you smell a motor pulling too big a load† in any other novel, this sort of observation would be passed off simply as literary devices, but Chief Bromden actually perceives Nurse Ratched as getting bigger as a result of the anger caused by conduct not being followed in her ward. These hallucinations that occur regularly in the novel have a huge affect on the reader’s perception of events in the novel, because the reader can experience through the eyes of a person who is actually mentally ill, which makes the novel and the events within it all the more relevant to those reading it. Utilizing the facade that he was deaf, Bromden would consistently listen in on Nurse Ratched and other members and staff in the ward, and his nonchalant way of doing it made him a very indispensible, integral character to the plot. Most of the foreshadowing events that Chief conveys to the reader was overheard from people in the ward. Believeing he was deaf, Nurse Ratched would constantly, unknowingly, disclose confidential information to Chief when he would over hear her discussing this information. For example, Chief Bromden overheard the doctors discussing amongst themselves how to best deal with McMurphy and the disruptive behavior that he brought to the ward. The doctors were arguing over weather or not to send him to the Disturbed branch of the hospital. As the doctors debated amongst themselves, Nurse Ratched eventually intervened, â€Å"He is simply a man and no more, and is subject to all fears and all the cowardice and all the timidity that any other man is subject to. Given a few more days, I have a strong feeling that he will prove this, to us as well as the rest of the patients. If we keep him on the ward I am certain his brashness will subside, his self-made rebellion will dwindle to nothing, and our redheaded hero will cut himself down to something patients will all recognize and lose respect for† this suggestion made by Mildred foreshadows her intentions for McMurphy, and is a very good example of how Bromden’s faking of being â€Å"Deaf Dumb† adds to his ability and reliability of being able to deliver good perception of the novel to the reader. Ken Kesey’s choice to use Bromden as a narrator has many positives and negatives. Bromden is able to act as a very effective channeler of information to the reader, as he is able to secretly eavesdrop on confidential conversations that give light to the shady events that take place in the ward. Bromden’s ability to describe and explain events in the novel in such extraordinary detail help the reader better understand the plot and complexities in the story. Despite all of this, Bromden’s aggressive mental illness creates many defects in the delivery of understanding and sense to the reader. The atmosphere of the ward can often be obstructed by the â€Å"fog† that Bromden’s paranoia constantly drags him into, and these brief escapes from reality, although very engaging and intimate, can hinder the reader’s ability to comprehend the content of the novel. Kesey’s use of hallucinations also put up another wall in the perception of the reader, because the differentiation between veracity and phantasm is very hard to make. Overall, Bromden’s position as narrator is very successful in delivering the main points and fundamental values of the Beat inspired Kesey, such as the importance of individualism, the dangers of blind conformity, and the natural human quality of spontaneity. How to cite Analyses of the Extent to Which the Reliability, Essay examples

MADAME BOVARY Essays - Films, Madame Bovary, English-language Films

MADAME BOVARY ------------- The story starts as we see Charles Bovary entering a new school in the town of Rouen in France. People laugh at him because he isn't sure what to do and how to act. He is the son of a doting mother and a very strict father. Charles isn't sure what to do with his life and therefore does as his mother advices him; to go to medical school. He fails at first because he didn't work for it in class, but the second time he does and he passes the exam and becomes a doctor in the town of Tostes. He is well liked in town because people see him as a hard working man. Because he is still single and his mother thinks he shouldn't be, she arranges a marriage only for the money with an ungly widow, Heloise Dubuc. One day Charles is called to a farm because someone has broken his leg. On the farm he meets Emma Rouault, the daughter of the farm owner. He likes her very much and keeps coming back to her father to check up on his leg, even after his leg has fully healed. They get on very well and they dicide to get married, even with protest of his former wife which dies soon after because of a stroke. They arrange a huge wedding and loads of people are invited to it. They party on for days and days and there's food enough for a whole army. Because his practice isn't where the farmer lives, they return to Tostes. And this is where are the misery starts for Emma. When Charles is out in the country for house visits, Emma just sits at home doing nothing. All she does is read, watch the rain and she used to play the piano, but quit because she feels that nobody listened to her anyway. She hoped to get the love from her husband in the same way that the main characters in the novels she read get love, but that doesn't happen. She is bored to death. She is starting to get irritated by Charles' way of living and the way he behaves sometimes. One day they go to a party of the maquis and there she meets the life that she wants to live. She doesn't want Charles to dance because she feels that it would embarras her and instead dances the night away with a Viscount and meets all the rich. When they return back home, she becomes even more miserable because she misses all those things now. Charles notices this and talks with another doctor and together they conclude that a change of scenery might be good for her and they decide to move to Yonville. At the time that they move, Emma discovers that she is pregnant. In Yonville, life isn't that much different from the life she'd lived before, but now she meets someone who is interested in the same things as she is; Leon Dupuis, a clerk. Emma is now close to giving birth to a baby and she is hoping that it's going to be a boy so that he can be strong and free, but her hopes are lost when it turns out that it is a boy; Berthe. As time passes, Emma continues her life and finds out that she is in love with Leon, but they don't start any relationship. Eventually, Leon moves to Paris to study there and Emma is again left in misery. Rodolphe meets Emma and she really is attracted to her, but in a sexual way; he thinks that Emma is beautiful. He manages to talk Emma into seducing her and it works. Emma starts to get more and more interested in Rodolphe and they start spending more and more time togeter, for example, they go to the agricultural show together. Emma starts meeting him in secret and he even comes to their house where they make love. Rodolphe decides that to keep the love going, he should leave for a few weeks and that's what he does. And it seems to work, because after six weeks, Emma can't wait to see him again. One day when Emma decides to go back to Rodolphe, she passes passed by Bines, who knew that she had nothing to look for over that side of town because Rodolphe's house was the last one there he knew that she wasn't supposed to be there,

Rabbi Chessir essays

Rabbi Chessir essays Shmini talks about which animals and fish are kosher. It mentions one bird the Chasida which does chessed for its own species. Rambam says that the reason why certain birds are tomay is because their nature is evil and their midot is harmful. It is possible, therefore, that if people eat it, the nature will attach to the neshama of the eater. Here is the problem: The Chasida is not kosher but its nature seems to be good. So the simple answer is that this bird may just do chessed for its own species and not for others. Doing chesed is one aspect of ones nature. It could also steall, and be bad otherwise. It could just have that one trait. Another thing is that man has eaten non-kosher since the beginning of time and it doesnt really seem to affect the soul. In fact, Rambam was a doctor so how did he come to this? The Yerushalmi and Tosphos(?) rule that a young baby is allowd to get nursed by another women jewish or non-Jewish woman. The yerushalmi says (not sure here?) that a young baby can even have the milk of a non-kosher animal. It would seem that if the Rambam were correct we wouldnt allow this. Why shouldnt we worry about corrupting the nefesh of a child? So Rabbi Chesirs answer is this: There are things that disgust us. Things that you cant even look at, talk about, and make you nauseas. When something violates one of your sensitivities, human nature is to stay away from it. It is just as obvious in the other extreme. If a mother loses her son in a war, she might hold and smell his shirt forever. If the torah tells us to stay away from a particular animal, or deed even, then we shouldnt find loopholes to do it. Meaning Bacon bits shouldnt be on the top of the grocery list. Otherwise it just demonstrates that we are not repulsed by something that is forbidden. These are evil birds if you are not going to be repulsed, that develops a sens...

Marcus Cocceius Nerva, First of Romes Good Emperors

Marcus Cocceius Nerva, First of Rome's Good Emperors Marcus Cocceius Nerva (November 8, 30 CE–January 27, 98 CE) ruled Rome as emperor from 96–98 CE following the assassination of the much-hated Emperor Domitian. Nerva was the first of the five good emperors and was the first to adopt an heir who wasnt part of his biological family. Nerva had been a friend of the Flavians without children of his own. He built aqueducts, worked on the transport system, and built granaries to improve the food supply. Fast Facts: Marcus Cocceius Nerva Known For: Well-regarded and respected Roman emperorAlso Known As: Nerva, Nerva Caesar AugustusBorn: November 8, 30 CE in Narnia, Umbria part of the Roman EmpireParents: Marcus Cocceius Nerva and Sergia PlautillaDied: January 27, 98 CE at the Gardens of Sallust, RomePublished Works: Lyric poetryAwards and Honors:  Ornamenta Triumphalia for military serviceSpouse: NoneChildren: Marcus Ulpius Traianus, Trajan, the governor of Upper Germany (adopted)Notable Quote: â€Å"I have done nothing that would prevent me laying down the imperial office and returning to private life in safety.† Early Life Nerva was born November 8, 30 CE, in Narnia, Umbria, north of Rome. He came from a long line of Roman aristocrats: his great-grandfather M. Cocceius Nerva was consul in 36 CE, his grandfather was a well-known consul and friend of Emperor Tiberius, his mothers aunt was the great-granddaughter of Tiberius, and his great uncle was a negotiator for the emperor Octavian. While little is known of Nervas education or childhood, he did not become a military professional. He was, however, well known for his poetic writings. Early Career Nerva, following in his familys footsteps, pursued a political career. He became praetor-elect in 65 CE and became an advisor to Emperor Nero. He discovered and exposed a plot against Nero (the Pisonian conspiracy); his work on this issue was so significant that he received military triumphal honors (though not a member of the military). In addition, statues of his likeness were placed in the palace. Neros suicide in 68 led to a year of chaos sometimes called the Year of Four Emperors. In 69, as a result of unknown services rendered, Nerva became a consul under Emperor Vespasian. Though there are no records to support the assumption, it seems likely that Nerva continued as consul under Vespasians sons Titus and Domitian until the year 89 CE. Nerva as Emperor Domitian, as a result of conspiracies against him, had become a harsh and vengeful leader. On September 18, 96, he was assassinated in a palace conspiracy. Some historians speculate that Nerva may have been involved in the conspiracy. At the very least, it seems likely that he was aware of it. On the same day, the Senate proclaimed Nerva emperor. When appointed, Nerva was already well into his sixties and had health issues, so it was unlikely he would rule for long. In addition, he had no children, which raised questions about his successor; it may be that he was selected specifically because he would be able to handpick the next Roman emperor. The initial months of Nervas leadership focused on redressing Domitians wrongs. Statues of the former emperor were destroyed, and Nerva granted amnesty to many whom Domitian had exiled. Following tradition, he executed no senators but did, according to Cassius Dio, â€Å"put to death all the slaves and freedmen who conspired against their masters.† While many were satisfied with Nervas approach, the military remained loyal to Domitian, in part because of his generous pay. Members of the Praetorian Guard rebelled against Nerva, imprisoning him in the palace and demanding the release of Petronius and Parthenius, two of Domitians assassins. Nerva actually offered his own neck in exchange for those of the prisoners, but the military refused. Finally, the assassins were captured and executed, while Nerva was released. While Nerva retained power, his confidence was shaken. He spent much of the remainder of his 16-month reign attempting to stabilize the empire and ensure his own succession. Among his achievements were the dedication of a new forum, repairing roads, aqueducts, and the Colosseum, allotting land to the poor, reducing taxes imposed on Jews, instituting new laws limiting public games, and exercising greater oversight over the budget. Succession There is no record that Nerva married, and he had no biological children. His solution was to adopt a son, and he selected Marcus Ulpius Traianus, Trajan, the governor of Upper Germany. The adoption, which took place in October of 97, allowed Nerva to placate the army by selecting a military commander as his heir; at the same time, it allowed him to consolidate his leadership and take control of the provinces in the north. Trajan was the first of many adopted heirs, many of whom served Rome extremely well. In fact, Trajans own leadership is sometimes described as a golden age. Death Nerva had a stroke in January 98, and three weeks later he died. Trajan, his successor, had Nervas ashes put in the mausoleum of Augustus and asked the Senate to deify him. Legacy Nerva was the first of five emperors who oversaw the best days of the Roman Empire, as his leadership set the stage for this period of Roman glory. The other four good emperors were Trajan (98–117), Hadrian (117–138), Antoninus Pius (138–161), and Marcus Aurelius (161–180). Each of these emperors hand-selected his successor through adoption. During this period, the Roman Empire expanded to include the north of Britain as well as portions of Arabia and Mesopotamia. Roman civilization was at its height and a consistent form of government and culture expanded across the entire empire. At the same time, however, the government became increasingly centralized; while there were benefits to this approach, it also made Rome more vulnerable in the long run. Sources Dio, Cassius. Roman History by Cassius Dio published in Vol.  VIII of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1925.The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"Nerva.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica.ï » ¿Wend, David. Nerva. An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - Term Paper Example Advantages/ Benefits of DHCP 1. minimized IP Address configuration errors as is attributed with the manual IP address configurations to computers 2. Network administration tasks are reduced since the TCP/IP configurations are now centralized and automated, it’s easy to handle efficiently ip addresses for client machines whose IP addresses change frequently i.e. devise on wireless network. 3. There is no address duplication since there’s automatic assignment of IP addresses. Significance of DHCP All devices on a TCP/IP-based network are required to have unique IP addresses to help the computers access the network and share resources. Without using a DHCP, it means that IP addresses must be reconfigured anytime a computer is added or moved to a different subnet and similarly the IP addresses be reclaimed when a computer from the network. DHCP on the other hand comes in handy by automating the entire process as well as central management of the same. The DHCP protocol is c ontained in the DHCP server which holds a pool of IP addresses and leases the given IP addresses to client machines which join the network. It uses the concept of ‘lease’ or time length that a particular IP address remains valid. The DHCP is an extension of BOOTp protocol which is an earlier network IP management protocol. Implemeting a DHCP eliminates some of configuration problems associated with manually configured TCP/IP. Some of the parameters that are passed to a DHCP client include: The clients IP address A subnet mask Default gateway Domain Name Servers Network servers Time synchronization information. Manual TCP/IP addressing Configuration The limitations of configuring TCP/IP manually mean that: 1. It’s easy for users to pick a random IP address instead of getting a valid IP address. These incorrect IP addresses lead to network problems which become difficult to trace 2. Manually typing of IP addresses, subnet masks or default gateways leads to communic ation problems if the credentials are wrong. 3. There are administrative overheads on internetworks when computers are frequently changed between subnets. How DHCP works DHCP server offers an automated method for IP address distribution and updating on a given network. The server offers this information to the particular client through a series of message exchanges called DHCP conversations or DHCP transactions. For communication on different subnets, a DHCP relay agent is preferred to aid the conversation. DHCP Architecture A DHCP architecture consists of DHCP servers, DHCP clients and DHCP relay agents. The DHCP client is a network-enabled device that enables the communication with the DHCP server for the purpose of getting a dynamically leased IP address. DHCP is supported in the following operating systems: Windows NT version 4, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows server 2003, windows 98, windows ME. The DHCP Server is in charge of maintaining the scope, reservations as well as op tions as set by the given administrator. Configuring a DHCP client Normally the DHCP client TCP/IP software is never configured with a static IP address but instead configured to get/obtain the IP address dynamically from the DHCP server. The leasing process of TCP/IP configuration involves the following four steps: DHCPDISCOVER-the DHCP client will broadcast a DHCP discover message that contains its specific MAC address as well as the computer name in attempt to request for an IP address from

Lesson Plan for The Diary of a Killer Cat by Anne Fine Essay

Lesson Plan for The Diary of a Killer Cat by Anne Fine - Essay Example They may appreciate the differences and learn how to develop a story. The evaluation of children would be done separately for each objective of the lesson plan. For vocabulary lesson, vocabulary sheets would be filled out from all the students. They will be assessed on the number of words they get right. A peer review will be conducted for the dramatic representation of different passages of the book. The class will vote for the group whose performance they liked best on the basis of following the script, creativity and good acting. Adaptations in teaching plan will be made according to any known weakness of a child. Further more, following the assessment results, individual attention will be given to the children with weak performances. The teacher will begin with reading out aloud the beginning of the book. It is proposed in the anticipatory set that the teacher would pause here and ask the children regarding how they would expect the plot to develop. Such an activity is included so that the reading of the book doesn’t appear monotonous to the children and they taken interest in the story. Also it would stimulate their imagination and allow them to take up the role of story writers themselves hence providing them an opportunity to enhance their creative thinking skills. Furthermore, the teacher may pause at later instances as well to ask general questions regarding what has been read. Such an exercise would keep the students alert and allow greater comprehension skills to develop as well. As the story would be read aloud to them, the children would be encouraged to make a list of the new words they come across. At the end of the reading session they’ll be handed out student dictionaries and showed the manner in which they can locate the meaning of a desired word. Such an activity would work to teach the use of

Creating a School Computer Lab

Creating a School Computer Lab 2.1 Introduction Schools play a substantial role in the development of the growing youth. One way of doing so is the use of computer to boost learning as we are in the technological era. In Bangladesh, given its status as a developing country, there is a greater need to equip many schools with computer laboratories for children to have access in order to enhance learning. Bangladesh Computer Lab Co, a nationally owned company specializing in installing computers for schools in the country has been engaged to build a computer lab for Dhaka Primary School in the capital city of Bangladesh under the project titled; Dhaka Primary School Computer Lab Build Project. This project is an initiative of the Government of Bangladesh through the Ministry of Education. All the planning is done by Jasmin Nahar and Janee Jamaludeen who are the project managers of Bangladesh Computer Lab Co. The main stakeholders to this project are; The Bangladesh Ministry of Education and the Dhaka Primary School Board of Governors working closely with the company to see this project through. The project is fully sponsored by the Government of Bangladesh valued at AUD 167,500.00 with a duration of 3 months. Generally, this project is responding to Dhaka Primary Schools need for a computer lab to deliver its computer classes to enhance quality in education for its students. 2.2 Project Scope Statement Definition 2.2.1 Project Scope Description This project is guided by its project management plan that captures its project charter meeting all requirements after a close consultation with its stakeholders and very much in line with the existing organizational process assets. The table below further provides information as part of the project scope statement. Â   Â   2.2.2 Project Deliverables Finalized Project Documentation All project planning documents such as the scope management plan, project charter, requirements documentation and organizational project asserts are finalized. Finalized Lab Design The designing of the computer lab is finalized and approved for implementation. Installation of 50 desktop computers 50 x desktop computers are installed at 25 per lab. 2.2.3 Project Exclusion Lab Maintenance The maintenance of the lab to meet minimum computer lab standards is the responsibility of the administration of the school and its Board of Governors. Commissioning of the Computer Lab The commissioning of the computer lab is the responsibility of the schools Board of Governors. Development of the Computer Lab and Computer Usage Policy The development of the computer lab and computer usage policy is the responsibility of the schools administration. 2.2.4 Project Assumptions Electrical Capacity It is assumed that the buildings provided by the school will meet the electrical capacity including the cooling system required for all the computers. Security and Accessories It is assumed that all security measures including fire protection are provided by the school and its Board of Governors. 2.2.5 Project Constraints Limited Time Frame The project must be completed within 3 months with no provision for extension. Compliance Issues regarding Procurement Process The project must comply with the governments procurement process. Project Objectives LFM and KPI Project Title: Dhaka Primary School Computer Lab Build Goal: Dhaka Primary School has got a school computer lab that is of high quality that can promote learning. Purpose: Respond to the call of building Dhaka Primary School Computer Lab to promote quality education. Objective: To fully install 50 desktop computers in Dhaka Primary School. Input Responsible Output Performance Indicators Means of Verification Project Management (Planning, Implementation Closure) Project Manager Finalized Project Planning Documents -Existence of Project Management Plan, Project Charter, Requirements Documentations and Process Assets. -Project Completion Reports -Monitoring Evaluation Reports Computer Lab Designing Project Manager Finalized Computer Lab Design -Existence of a computer lab design. -Approved Lab Design Project Communication Project Manager Established Communication Managed Plan -Existence of a project communication management plan. -Complete Project Communication Plan Lab Commissioning Stakeholders (Dhaka Primary School Board of Governors and the Ministry of Education Commissioned labs with certification -Existence of a Computer Lab Minimum Standards Report. -Certification Report -Project Commissioning Report Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE PROJECT: DHAKA PRIMARY SCHOOL COMPUTER LAB BUILD DURATION: 3 MONTHS Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 WBS TASK ASSIGN TO WK1 WK2 WK3 WK4 WK1 WK2 WK3 WK4 WK1 WK2 WK3 WK4 1 Finalize Project Documents 1.1 Strategic Management Planning Project Director 1.2 Completion of Project Management Plan Project Manager 1.3 Completion of Project Charter Project Manager 1.4 Completion of Requirement Documentations Project Manager 1.5 Completion of Process Assets Project Manager 1.6 Approval of Project Planning Steering Committee 2 Finalize Lab Design 2.1 Designing the lab plan Project Team 2.2 Approval of the Lab Plan Project Manager 3 Installation of 50 desktop computers 3.1 Procurement Project Team 3.2 Licencing of all software Project Team 3.3 Lab minimum standards survey Project Team 3.4 Installation Project Team 3.5 Testing Project Team 3.6 Project Closure Report Project Director WBS Dictionary WBS TASK Date START END 1 Finalize Project Documents 1.1 Strategic Management Planning 01.04.17 16.04.17 1.2 Completion of Project Management Plan 01.04.17 16.04.17 1.3 Completion of Project Charter 01.04.17 16.04.17 1.4 Completion of Requirement Documentations 01.04.17 16.04.17 1.5 Completion of Process Assets 01.04.17 16.04.17 1.6 Approval of Project Planning 10.04.17 16.04.17 2 Finalize Lab Design 2.1 Designing the lab plan 17.04.17 24.04.17 2.2 Approval of the Lab Plan 24.04.17 30.04.17 3 Installation of 50 desktop computers 3.1 Procurement 01.05.17 21.05.17 3.2 Licencing of all software 22.05.17 28.05.17 3.3 Lab minimum standards survey 22.05.17 28.05.17 3.4 Installation 29.05.17 11.06.17 3.5 Testing 19.06.17 25.06.17 3.6 Project Closure Report 26.06.17 30.06.17 Linear Responsibility Chart (LRC) Activity Project Sponsor Project Director Project Manager Project Team Steering Committee Strategic Management Planning S R C I A Completion of Project Management Plan I A R I S Completion of Project Charter I A R S I Completion of Requirement Documentations I A R S I Completion of Process Assets I A R S I Approval of Project Planning I R C S A Designing the lab plan I A R S I Approval of the Lab Plan I R C S A Procurement C A R S I Licencing of all software I C A S I Lab minimum standards survey I C A S I Installation I A C R I Testing I A R S I Project Closure Report A R C S C R Means that the person (or role) is responsible for creating the deliverable. (Usually there is only one person who is responsible for creating a deliverable, although many people may provide input.) A -Means that the person (or role) approves the deliverable. S Means that the person (or role) provides support toward the matters pertaining to the deliverable. I Means that the person (or role) who is kept informed on the deliverable. C Means that the person (or role) is consulted on matters pertaining to the deliverable. Budget Summary Activity Description Costing (AUD) Administrative General Admin Overhead Costs including labour etc. $ 70,000.00 Project Planning, Implementation Closure Strategic Management Planning. Completion of Project Management Plan Completion of Project Charter Completion of Requirement Documentations Completion of Process Assets Approval of Project Planning -Stakeholder/Consultative Meetings -Designing of lab plan -Approval of lab plan -Lab minimum standards survey -Installation -Testing -Monitoring Reporting -Project Closure Reports/Consultations/Meetings $ 90,000.00 Procurement Purchasing of 50 desktop computers Accessories -Purchasing of Software Licences Miscellaneous $ 7,500.00 Total $167,500.00 Communication Plan Role Reporting Purpose When to Report Stakeholders Ministry of Education -Reporting to the Government of Bangladesh the start, implementation and closure of the project. After the start and end date of the project. Board of Governors -Reporting to Parents of the progress of the project. Monthly Parental Meetings Steering Committee -Management of the Project in consultation with the Project Director. Monthly -Report to the stakeholders status of the project. Monthly Scheduled Meetings Project Director Reporting to the Steering Committee on the Progress of the project. Monthly Scheduled Meetings Project Manager Report to the project director the operational status of the project. Bi-weekly Scheduled Meetings and informal meetings on regular basis. Project Team Reporting on the project implementation progress to the Project Manager On Daily weekly basis and informal daily meetings on regular basis when need arises. Risk Planning The project sees the following as immediate risks to the project and has identified mitigating factors to address these risks. No Project Immediate Risks Mitigating Factors 1 Time Limitations Identify at early stages the critical pathway of the project, and focus on meeting deadlines. 2 Government Procurement Compliance Process Maintain effective dialogue with stakeholders in the initial stages of the project and define the best approach to getting procurement issues solved. 3 Building not meeting minimum lab standards Conduct lab survey in the initial stages of the project to identify areas of need, negotiate with the Board of Governors and resolve issues before installation is conducted. Project Milestone Currently the project sees the following as milestones that need to be achieved; No Project Milestone Achievement Date 1 Project Planning Approval 16th of April, 2017 2 Computer Installation and Testing 25th of June, 2017 3 Project Closer Report 30th of June, 2017 Procurement Plan Below is a summary of the project procurement plan and fully guided the companys procurement policy. Date of Completion Activity/Item 16th of April, 2017 Development of the project procurement plan 16th of April, 2017 Approval of the procurement plan 16th of April, 2017 Identifying all expandable and non-expandable items for purchase 16th of April, 2017 Create Assert Registry 14th of May, 2017 Vendor Identification 14th of May, 2017 Preparation and Approval of Purchase Requests 14th of May, 2017 Preparation and Approval of Check Requisitions 18th of May, 2017 Payment of Items and Materials (All expendable and non-expandable items including 50 x desktop computers and their accessories and software licences 21st of May, 2017 Confirming delivery against delivery notes 21st of May, 2017 Register all items 30th of June, 2017 Prepare registry for project closure

Genicon: a Surgical Strike Into Emerging Markets. Essay

Genicon is a company with 10 years of experience domestic and some real international success , Genicon was successful in USA, but it quickly realized that it would be difficult for them to have sustainable growth, because the health care purchases medical equipment through GPOs. And as a small company it was so hard to obtain a contract from GPOs because their financial structure encourages them to purchase equipment from giants companies.So Genicon decided to go international and capture increasing demand there. It became smallest company to sell product to European markets with the assistance of BSI.Genicon was already in over 30 international markets and was looking in particular at the rapidly emerging markets – Brazil, Russia, India and China – as potential new opportunities for growth.So the question facing Genicon where it should go next? I. Case key players/Contributors: a.Gary Haberland,president and founder of GENICON. b.small development team of Genicon. c.MEDICA in Germany large tradeshows for medical devices. d.employee of British Standards Institution(BSI) e.Genicon shareholder. II. Problem Identification a.Domestic business i.Lack of a favorable channel in the US. ii.High bargaining power of buyers through group purchases (GPO) . iii. High regulatory costs. b.International business. i.Sales of medical devices associated with the number of tenders which have different regulatory than US and its just for short term. ii.Due to GENCION’s limited resources it was hard to decide which country to invest in, depend on: 1-Regulation/ Compliance. 2-Bargaining power of buyers. III. Suggestions a.Uncertainty Avoidance i. Haberland and his company appear to be strong Uncertainty Avoidance very structure and having conservative investments.Hesitance toward new products in medical devices. ii.Should go with weak UAI and make some risky investments.and to be more flexible and adaptable to any chaos. b.Short and Long term orientation i.Almost all the contract that Haberland had with the international country are being traditional and current short term . ii.Try to find international country Long term orientation and sacrifice present for futere. IV. Recommendation a.Should go with Brazil due to international accepted! Fast process, zero tariff. Easy Regulation/ Compliance.

Significance Of Realistic Physics In Simulation Games Philosophy Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6955 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? This dissertation is on the significance of realistic physics in simulation games. Physics in games has changed a lot over the years from arcade games having no physics to Need for Speed: Shift having world class physics. As the years have progressed so has the technology giving ways to make the game more realistic to a point which makes them almost as real as in real life. The question here is that do we need such good physics in games cause in the end the players need have a good time playing the game while having a realistic experience, pushing the realism a bit further can cause problems with the game being excessively difficult the daily gamer. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Significance Of Realistic Physics In Simulation Games Philosophy Essay" essay for you Create order Introduction The oldest form of racing games would be arcade games where there was no physics but the games were still fun to play for the casual gamer. They can be called the classic example for physics-less fun games like outrun, Virtua Racing by SEGA. With time games like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The need for speedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? came out with realistic acceleration top sped etc. they built up on car personalities with different cars having different type of grip, speed etc. with more advanced Physics processing units came better physics with destructible models, actual car damage and very realistic handling etc. as seen in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Need for Speed: Shiftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Need for Speed: Pro-streetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? these games reached the benchmark for physics at their time but were not as popular as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Need for speed: Most Wantedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and similar Titles with intermediate use of physics. But the physics in games now days have totally changed the driving experience i n games. My thesis is on how this can be improved and what type of physics should be added and what type to be controlled so as not to make the game extremely difficult but also improve the gameplay and give a better à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"feelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of realism. C.1 The Statement of Problem The statement of problem in my dissertation is the fun factor in racing games with realistic physics. Racing games are played for fun and are not viewed as some physics prototype so a game with exceptionally good game does not have to be an exceptionally good game and vice versa. There has to be a balance between fun and physics in game. A game with very realistic handling will make an immature player crash a lot which is not very impressive to the player, whereas in a game without friction or skidding, the player will not have the feel of physics or realism in a game making it boring again. How to get this balance in a game is my main objective. In a racing game there should be balanced handling and to make it more realistic new improved effects for drag can be added. Better collision and realistic damage which effects the players driving can help make the game look more realistic. Things like this are very important nowadays as the competition between games is rising and most of the games are coming out with good physics so it becomes a common ground between most games. New type of physics including centre of gravity, collisions effecting the player, g-forces on the player causing loosing handling, blurred vision can be a thing of the future also player fatigue while driving can be added in the games in the future to make them stand out. C.2 Purpose This study is aimed at accomplishing to implement new type of physics in the game, making them more realistic while still being fun to play. The purpose of this study is that when we are adding new type of physics in a game, it should not be so much that it looks more like a physics prototype than a game. Methodology This chapter explains how the research for this dissertation is done. This dissertation is based on experimenting on different type of games arcade and realistic alike and also based on articles related to this subject. D.1 Study of Existing Information Existing information was collected over the internet mainly from www.google.com and www.gamespot.com. Different type of physics used in current games was searched and also about arcade games. The information was used to understand the working of present day physics realistic games. Information and ideas for different type of physics were also gathered from different forums and articles. To better understand how physics actually works in a game different reference articles which explain how physics is implemented in games with code were studied go get a better understanding about the subject. D.2 Experementation Experimentation was done by testing different racing games from arcade games to realistic games to understand the difference in physics and to understand what type of physics is implemented in present day games. Case study in done in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Need for Speed: Undercoverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Burnout paradiseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Dirtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Need for Speed: Shiftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Virtua racerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? to understand the physics in those games and to understand weather they were successful or not and why. Different types of physics modules were studied in each game, understanding what game used what and to how much realism and how it affected the outcome of the sales of the game which tell which was more popular. Literature Review This chapter will discuss the articles significant for this research and what use it has in my dissertation. This chapter is in two parts, one discussing the physics aspect behind making a game and the other one discussing about different games, their popularity and what type of physics they used. E.1 Physics Review Reference: [Title à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Motion along a straight lineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by author Michael Tanczos  https://www.gamedev.net/reference/articles/article434.asp ] This page is about basic motion along a straight line which is required to make a game about any moving body. This helps with the basic physics that require programming of moving objects. Reference: [Title à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The physics of racingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by author Brian Beckman https://www.gamedev.net/reference/articles/article1610.asp ] This is a comprehensive guide about how to make racing games. This helps with understanding of present day physics and how they are actually implemented in a game. This also helps me to formulate my own ideas to how to add new physics to the game. Reference: [https://www.mathworks.com/products/simulink/demos.html?file=/products/demos/shipping/simulink/sldemo_absbrake.html] This page helped me understand about braking systems in cars. Reference: [Title à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Motor Sports Setupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by author Carroll Smith https://needlesslyobscure.wordpress.com/motorsports-setup/] This is a series of tutorials of how to setup a car. I used this to make compute my own vehicle simulations. Reference: [https://auto.howstuffworks.com/four-wheel-drive1.htm] This article gave me a better insight of how slip works on a car. E.2 Game Review Reference: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_video_game#1970s Title à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Racing Video Gameà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by Wikipedia] This is where I started researching about history of video games and looking into what types of racing are there and how they developed over time. Reference: [https://www.taito.com/arc/] I visited this website which had old arcade racing which I played and also read about them to get a better understanding of how racing games were back then. Reference: [https://forums.atari.com/] This is a forum where i read about Atari arcade games. Case Study In order to understand the exact nature of physics of present day game sand games from the past, I tested out a few games to understand what different types of physics were applied to them and how they are different from one another. This also helped me to understand how the physics evolved from the past to until now. Another aspect of this study was to understand how the popularity of the game was related to the physics it. F.1 Virtua Racing Virtua Racing was released in 1992 by Sega. This game had excellent and clean 3D graphics for its time. It was based on F1 racing and was one of the best arcade racing game of all time. This set the base for racing games that came after this. It had features like minimap track, speedometer etc. basically it had a fully functional HUD for its time. It had 2 views, one third person and the other was first person inside the car. It had time chase and also the player could race against the AI cars in the single player mode. In the multiplayer mode, two players could race against each other. It had also implemented different cars so the player could choose between them. They were not just artistically different but also were also different in the way they handled. This was a change from the old racing games before this which had only artistic differences between different cars. This game had simulated physic s, there was not an actual simulation engine deciding what the car would do. It w as just programmed to skid if the player was taking a turn over a certain speed. It gave a very good feeling of realism. F.2 Need for Speed Need for Speed for first released in 1994 by Electronic Arts. This game went on to be the most famous game series of all times. Need for Speed was based on street racing. It had good load out of cars which performed very differently from each other. The players had to race in the street with oncoming traffic and against AI player; it also had a multiplayer mode which 2 player could play simultaneously. It had a very smooth camera system which allowed the player to play in a third person view or a first person view with the player sitting inside the car. This game had implemented gearing system which the player could manually change or set it to automatic where the computer would take care of it. This game had very good physics simulations which was quite different from its predecessors. Need for speed has impressive graphics getting better than anyone before them. They had open seamless outdoor worlds. These worlds gave an effect of a 3D world unlike the past games. The cars were also very detailed, which ranged from Lamborghini, dodge viper to Mustangs. They were replica of real life cars with all the details in them that could be put at that point of time. The race tracks also had a lot of variance in them which were set in a realistic environment. This game also had weather effects which added more realism to the environment. The sounds implemented were also awesome. They were very accurate and added to the realism of driving a vehicle as a driver depends on sounds a lot when driving a vehicle. For a game to achieve this, the sounds had to be very accurate which EA achieved with NFS. The simulation engine for this game was also very nice, it gave a clean difference felt in power, speed and handling when driving different cars. Different cars had different statistics and performed better on different tracks. F.1 Need for Speed: Shift This game of the NFS series was a circuit based game and had more advanced physics to its predecessors. Physic-wise, Need for Speed Shift starts to sound really promising. If done right, the 3 different physic models can really make the game enjoyable both for the usual Need for Speed crowd as well as simulation enthusiasts. At first, the driving physics in Shift take some getting used to. You canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t go into a corner, hit the apex, and then pump 100% throttle on the way out. Without a doubt, youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ll inevitably end up facing the wrong direction, or planted into a wall. Throttle control is absolutely mandatory in Need for Speed Shift. Thereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s no way around this and if you havenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t got a racing wheel handy, the controller does little to favour irresponsible throttle application or violent steering input. A lot of importance is given to the throttle of the car making it one the most tweaked feature which takes some time getting used to. Due to the high end physics in this game it made it quite difficult to play for the casual gamer so the game had features like 10% extra grip for the newcomers etc. The car could be customised in a lot of ways to make it affect the physics of the car, this helped out the professional players a lot, but in this game doing anything wrong to the customizations without knowing what the person is doing would make the car difficult to handle making it again unfriendly to the casual gamer. One glitch that you often encounter later on in the game when dealing with high performance cars or extensively modified tuned cars. Due to the lowering of body work, additional front splitters, under body modifications and different wheel/tyre combinations, cars seem to run far too low, removing ground clearance and effectively making a car bottom out over even the tiniest of bumps. This results in a ridiculous and uncontrollable glitch where a car will continue down a straight path. This game boosted of great physics giving realism to the circuit/professional racing and tried to make the game real but they failed in a way. The professional player didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t like the game so much because of the physics not being to real life like with some glitches here and there. Also the car would sometimes out or under manoeuvre in an awkward manner as not expected by the user. As for the casual gamer this is not the game for them, this game is very intense and requires decent amount of racing knowledge of knowing when and how to turn/corner at high speeds, tune the car properly according to your personal needs. So in all it was not a great hit either ways. F.2 Need For Speed: Undercover This game does not have realistic physics but it has type of physics which helps the player a lot. The game is made in such a way to make the physics work in the way of the driver to give him/her an awesome driving experience this does not have to be entirely as in the real world. This game allows you to pull of the craziest of stuns with easy, this game is built only to give the driver awesome driving experience with computer guidance to accomplish stunts which would not be possible in the real world giving an adrenalin rush to the player. Key to Undercover is what EA is calling the heroic driving experience. In Undercover this physics system has been given an injection of cool. Think of all the best car chase scenes in movies from the last ten years and youll get an idea of what to expect. EA want you to feel like a skilled stunt driver, and it works. By using a combination of the gas pedal, brake, e-break and gear stick youre able to pull off stunning looking manoeuvres like reverse 180 degree turns. Its like you are Jason Statham from the Transporter movies. While we were quite looking forward some potentially funny moments, it seems EA has gone down a more serious route and it works very well indeed. Your goal in the game is to take down the various captains before taking down the whole operation, which is obviously done while driving at insanely high speeds. The game involves high speed chases over the highway, battling enemy cars, the good old cop chases etc. According to EA the traffic in Undercover is modelled realistically and reacts to your actions. While you can simply push a car over into the way of your target, you could choose to spook a driver of a bus, causing him to jack-knife in the middle of a dual carriageway. Racing at high speed, weaving in and out of traffic appears to offer the kind of thrills that were severely lacking in the more down to earth and structured ProStreet. As EA repeatedly pointed out during the publishers Games Convention 2008 demonstration, Undercover is all about heroic driving, and theres no better reason to drive like a stuntman than trying to outrun a swarm of angry police cars. Police chases thankfully return to Need for Speed in Undercover and these guys are aggressive, very aggressive. To begin with theyre not pushovers, but as you progress through the story and increase your level; your notoriety amongst the police also increases. Before too long theyll spot you on the streets and go after you, hunting you as a pack. If they get you which seems like itll be a regular occurrence for less skilful drivers youll have a strike against your car and itll be impounded. Being able to take pictures of the game during gameplay situations is becoming increasingly common, and with the amount of action on display in Undercover its no surprise to find such a feature here. We didnt see it in action but EA says that the snaps taken have been dubbed Movie Poster Action Cinematic sounds good to us. Undercover still has some way to go in development (its not out until late November) but its already looking very impressive. Car models are incredibly detailed and procedurally deform based on collisions. The areas of the city demonstrated to us were bathed in a gorgeous yellow light that gives the game a highly stylised appearance, and the camera often uncouples from the rear of the car in order to give a better, more cinematic view of the action. With months of development left there were obviously a few technical issues, but on the whole we cant wait to see how the final game looks. As in previous Need for Speed titles the audio is often dominated by the sound of police chatter. We only saw one police chase so cant say how itll sound hours into the game, but they said all the right things to convince us they were on our case. To sum it up, the game is made for the player to have a free stunt filled game which could be easily be pulled of which was not like by the old NFS users. The game wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t such a big success like the old NFS Most Wanted due the reason that it lacked realist9ic physics but it had player friendly physics which made the game very to finish which much challenge. F.3 Burnout Paradise This game was made for its stunts. It had some realistic physics with a lot of importance given to the car damage. The game was a stunt mania. Though it is not correct to say It had realistic physics but it had good amount of it and put to use in the correct places, the made a game for stunts and it was good for it. The car damage actually affected the car performance. Though it did not have really good physics for driving, it had awesome crash physics. Burnout 5s speedsters will atomise stupendously during crashes, with more than six times as many breakable pieces in each car compared to Burnout Revenge. This will mean you can tear your car in half, rip the roof off or achieve other satisfying shunt stunts. The biggest change introduced in Burnout Paradise is the move to an open world, the streets of Paradise city. The entire city is open at the start of the game, with the idea being that you can do whatever you want, whenever you want. Not all of the events are present at the start, mind you, and youll have to put in a lot of time to unlock the games roughly 75 cars, but youre never limited in the options before you. The main downtown area of Paradise City is very reminiscent of the downtown tracks in the last couple games, while the western section of the city harkens back to the long, winding, countryside courses of past games as well. A couple of highways will put you dead in the middle of traffic and give you plenty of roads to get up to speed on. In all the game was a success and was loved by crash maniacs but was hated by the driving fanatics. It stood to what it was designed for and achieved excellence in stunts and crash driving. F.4 Dirt Dirt 2 as Dirt is an off-road racing game. I chose this for my case study because this game is somewhat like my project. The game had a lot of focus on suspension and grip, any wrong move by the player could make the car skid off the road, in general the game physics were not player friendly but realistic to give the feel of an off-road racing game with the difficulties involved in an off-road racing game. The physics in Dirt 2 are impeccable. When a truck tumbles after taking a hard landing off a jump, it looks and behaves exactly as it should, which is critical if youre behind the truck anticipating its motion across your driving line. The physics are so realistic that the vibration from my idling engine would shake the skirt on my dash-mounted hula doll. Physics also come into play in the water hazards that now dot many of the courses. Driving through water will slow you down (though this can be advantageous if used strategically), and if youre driving from the cockpit view, my preferred perspective, it will obscure your vision for a few crucial seconds. Dirt 2 also features night-time races, confined to Rally Cross events, which add a whole new dimension to the game. You will have to avoid smashing your headlights on those tight corners if you want to see, and decide if you want to overtake the leader and risk underestimating a dark turn or let him show you the best line through th e corners. Dirt 2 takes the series in a new, quite risky, direction, by taking a more Arcady, fun feel. Although this may have upset some of the hard-core fans of the series, it still kept enough difficulty to please all, even the most casual gamers. It blends the realism of off road racing with the enjoyment of a street racing game and it works perfectly, making one of the best racing games To summarise the game is on the best off-road racing game, like burnout paradise they concentrated on the particular type of physics needed for an off-road racing game. History of Racing Game The old 2D racing games like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Speed Raceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 1974 where generally black and white and were simple arcade games rather than proper simulations. In this era some basic concepts for racing game were developed like collision detection, HUD displays like Tachometer, speedometer etc. were developed. They were all vertical scrolling games and the player had to race with other AI cars or setting a high score. This was the base in the 70à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s for racing games and racing games evolved from this slowly over the course of years. In 1974 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Atarià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ released à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Gran Trak 10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which was the first racing game to implement ROM (Read Only Memory). This was a black and white game with an overhead view where the player raced against the clock which made the game non-competitive. The next concept came up was a sort of multiplayer where the player played against each other turn wise by competing against each otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s scores. This slowly evolved to a proper two player multiplayer where the players were able to play with each other simultaneously in a split screen view. In 1976 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Crashing raceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was released which was a multiplayer capable arcade game where the players had to crash into other players to gain score. In this game the collision in racing game was reworked but this was still not a simulation game. The same year à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Moto-Crossà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was released which introduced Third-person perspective view into racing games. It achieved this by scrolling the track forward as the player moved and the scene closer to the player kept scaling so that it gave an illusion of perspective. Another game released this year called Fonz introduced feedback in controllers. The next game called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Night Driverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ introduced the first person perspective in racing games. By this time the games were in colour rather than black and white. From 1970 to 1980 the games generally improved in graphics a little bit. In 1980 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Namcoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ released à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Rally-Xà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which was the first racing game to have background music. The game also had a feature to Scroll the screen to either direction giving actual control over the players view. Then in 1982 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Namcoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ released à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Pole positionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which was the first game to have a track based on an actual circuit. The game had high resolution colour graphics for its time. The game was designed in such a way so that the player had to brake and use controls to manage turns; this is where some kind of simulation started in racing games. The player had to race against AI drivers and also had to race against time which made the game interesting. The game also featured collisions with boundaries and other cars which caused crashes which were first time implemented in a racing game. The game was the first of its kind to implement simulation at the most basic leve l which is where racing game simulation started from. The games after this adapted this concept and the racing game simulation started increasing giving a more sense of realism. The players had to manually shift gears and use brakes on turns to get turns correctly. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Pole position 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in particular had 3 screen display of the game giving a sense of 3D. In 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the this was the general trend in racing games and the simple car simulation were upgraded slowly as new hardware came, with this the graphics of the games also improved In 1984 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Geoff Crammondà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ developed a racing game simulator RVES for its time on BBC Micro Computer platform. This was the first step in game to really simulating driving. Though this is primitive from present standards but for that time this was huge step in racing simulations. In 1985 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"HangOnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was released which was the first game to use 16 bit graphics and also had an improved simulation and AI system compared to the other games out there at that time. In this time more concern was given on improving graphics rather that the simulations. In 1986, Red Racer was the first stereoscopic 3D game. In 1989 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Atarià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ released à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Hard Drivinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢; this was the first game to use 3D polygons in a game. In 1990 Papyrus Design Group made the first actual 3D racing game simulator and they actually concentrated more on the simulations rather than the graphics. This simulator simulated realistic physics and telemeter. In 1992 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Formula one Grand Prixà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ became a hit racing simulation game which had all the drivers from the actual Grand Prix. From 1993 onwards polygons were highly used to make games and each and every game that was coming out had better graphics than the last one. In 1992 the other game which made big news was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"virtua racingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which was not the first 3D racing game but it had the cleanest 3D graphics for the time. It did not have a pixelated look, rather all the textures were very neat and clean for the time. In 1993 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Segaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ came up with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Daytona USAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which was the first racing game to feature filtered texture-mapped polygons. In 1994 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Electronic Artsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ came up with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Need for Speedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which became the most popular racing game series of all time. This game had the most realistic audio for its time, detailing sounds of engines, gearshifts and tyre squeals to perfection. It also featured vehicle traffic in races. This game had both multiplayer and single player capability. In 1997 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Gran Turismoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was released for play station and was the best game at that time for its simulation and graphics. This was considered to be the most realistic game of its time. In 1999 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Midtown Madnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ changed the face of racing game with free roam in games. After this racing games improved generally on the course of time with better and better graphics and simulations. The latest racing game that is supposed to come out in 2011 called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Need for Speed: Shift 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ uses data from actual cars by attaching computers to it and computing every minute detail of the car and driver and have gone so far that they start to bridge the game between real life physics and simulated physics. Racing physics H.1 Basics The very basic idea behind moving a car or any object is F=ma, where F is the force applied, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is the mass of the object and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is the acceleration generated. For a car, the force comes from the engine and the mass of the car is a constant, therefore rewriting it we would get a=F/m. This would give us the acceleration. This is the base idea which would be used over all in the game. For example, even when the car takes a turn, would be a force applied in a direction from the centre of mass of the car. H.2 forces applied in Linear Motion Torque: To keep it simple at starting letà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consider the car to be going just in a straight line and see what all we would require for the car to run. Now the car engine generates a force which is from spinning motion of the engine shaft through the gearbox, to the axle and finally to the wheels which would drive the car. This gives an understanding that there is a torque applied as a form of force. F=ma: This tells us that the acceleration on the car depends on the mass of the car directly considering the force is constant. Equations of linear motion: V=U+at v=Final velocity of the car u=Initial velocity of the car a= acceleration The force generated will give us acceleration of the car and thus the speed of the car can be calculated from this. t=time taken S=ut+1/2(a*t^2) This equation will be useful to get the position of the car in X, Y, Z direction in 3D space based on the velocity and direction of the car. S= Distance travelled V^2=u^2 +2aS This equation calculates values independent of time. For all the above equation the time will be considered as Άt, which is a small change in time. All our calculations will be based on these getting small points on a graph thus getting the whole motion. Friction: Considering the car stops Appling force on the tyres, by newtonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s second law it would still be in motion as no negative force is applied to it. But in the real world this is not true; the car decelerates if there is no force from the engine. This is due to the frictional forces present which act in the opposite direction of the car thus acting as negative forces. This can be categorised in 3 parts in general for a car in order of how strong they are. Internal Friction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" This friction comes from the moving parts of the vehicle and is very minimal compared to the other two. Ground Friction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" This friction comes from the friction between the tyres of the car and the ground. It depends on a few things, the larger the tyre of the car the more friction it will have. Also this is also related to the smoothness of the ground and tyres, the smoother tyres give less friction but it to be kept in mind that higher friction tyres have higher grip. Air Friction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" This is the strongest frictional force of the 3 and exponentially the in depth calculations based on this would come later, for now it is this is just to get an understanding of what all basic forces are applied on a car. h.3 Drag This is the air friction experienced by the car when ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s driving. The drag is a force value acting opposite the direction the car is travelling. This is the force required by the car to overcome to be in motion. =Drag Force =Density of Fluid =Drag Coefficient A=Surface Area After going through a lot of Drag Coefficients, that value for our car fit to be 0.50 Value 0.60 Truck 0.57 Hummer 0.46 Ford Mustang 1976 0.45 Dodge Viper *List from Wikipedia.org Air density which is fluid density here is 1.29kg/m^3 at sea level, which will be our density. The frontal area of cross section for our car came out to be 2.5m^2 which is our area of reference. Putting the values in the equation of drag This equals All the calculation is are done in metric system. Table for Drag force for our car in Newtons Speed M/s Speed Km/Hr 81.25 10 36 325 20 72 731.25 30 108 1300 40 144 2031 50 180 This shows that as the velocity increases drag force exponentially which increases the force required to overcome it. H.4 Centre of Mass The centre of mass (COM) of an object is the mean location of all the masses in the body. When a force acts on the cars, it acts on the centre of mass of the car and the car moves along with it. Consider the COM to be a point inside the body of the car, if this point was to move out of the carà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s body, the car would topple over. This is what determines the momentum of the car and the direction of momentum. Gravitational forces also act from the centre of mass of the car. To make calculations easier, consider the density of the car to be constant at all the places, and then the COM would be equal to the geometrical centre of the object. This doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t stand completely true as the engine is very heavy when compared to the empty body behind therefore after calculating the Geometrical centre of the car, the COM should be moved a bit forward towards the engine to make the assumed COM closer to the actual COM of the car. This will be done based on assumptions purely. A little more accurate version of this would be to get the get the geometrical centre of all the components of the car separately. Give them a specific assumed mass based on what material they are made of. A main COM based on the geometrical COM can be calculated by taking the medians of all the component points; this can be called as the temporary COM. All the individual points can be plotted as vectors pointing to the temporary COM with their masses as magnitude of the vectors. The temporary COM is to be pushed closer to a point with higher mass value and this should be done for all the points present to get the final COM of the car. H.5 Weight Transfer The carà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mass is balanced on four wheels of the car, when the car accelerates or brakes, the weight is pushed front wheels to the back wheels. The same thing happens in a lateral way when the car is taking a turn. This happens due to the COM of the car shifting inside the car. This is also responsible for car skidding when taking sharp turns. Consider this car braking at 1 G. This means that the braking force is equal to the weight of the car. The Black and white circle in the centre of the car is its COM and G is the gravitational force that is pulling the car down. is the lift force exerted by the ground on the front tyre and is the lift force exerted by the ground on the rear tyre. These forces keep the car falling through the ground to the centre of the earth. The imbalance of these forces results in oversteers and understeers. When there is no motion the weight distribution can be considered to be equally distributed, therefore =Braking force on the front tyre =Braking force on the rear tyre Braking causes the COM to be pushed forward thus increase the weight on the front tyres and lifting off weight of the rear tyres. Braking force acts at ground level on the tyres but the COM is in the centre of the car which gets pushed forward; this causes a turning effect or torque. It is for the same reason that low cars have less chance of toppling over at turns because their COM is closer to the ground therefore reducing the distance between the braking force and the COM. Breaking Torque is proportional to and Height of COM Counter Torque is proportional to For example (not specific to the car in game) consider the height of COM h to be 20 inches, wheelbase to be 100 inches and the mass of the car be 3200 pounds. Then, As Described above, Substituting above and solving gives =960lb Therefore an extra 640lb is put on the front tyre and 640lb of weight is removed from the rear tyre. From this, I conclude that when the car is turning, the wheels on the outer side of the run get heavier and get more grip and when the car brakes, the forward wheels get heavier and get more grip. This also tells that when the COM is moving in the above described positions, it is creating a torque force which if exceeds a certain limit would topple the car. H.6 Tyre Grip and Braking Tyre grip is based on two factors; the first one is the coefficient of friction between the tyre and the surface and secondly on the weight applied by the car. The slip of the tyre can be measured on different surfaces as g values. A tyre with higher g will slip lesser that a tyre with lower g. This means that it can hold up to g amount of force in the sideward direction. This frictional force is applied as a negative force in the opposite direction of the carà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s direction which the car has to overcome to move forward. The frictional force can be calculated by =Frictional force =Coefficient of friction between the tires and the surface =Normal force, which is the weight of the car acting downwards From this it is understood that frictional force depends on the weight of the object, so when the car takes a turn the outer wheels get heavier and have more frictional force. Tyre grip between different surfaces is approximated and the values can be used to calculate the slip of the tyre. For average tyres this value ranges from 1.2g to 1.7g on tar roads. Consider if our tyre has a grip of 1.2g, then it would decelerate the car at the rate of 1.2*9.8 = 11.76 . This value cannot be considered static as the weight transfer would change the grip on tyres and therefore also affect braking force. H.7 Centripetal Force When a vehicle takes a turn it pushes the COM of the car outside due to inertia. This is a force away from the direction of the car and pushes on the tyres towards the side. If this force becomes greater than the tyreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s grip force the tyre slips. The Acceleration needed to keep a vehicle at velocity V to go in a circle or radius r can be calculated this way (Below) Consider a small change in time dt to move a small distance dx. Then from the speed distance equation Consider a small change in sideways distance ds, then the side velocity will be The sideways acceleration for this would be Equation 1 If we go forward by a fraction of radius then we must go sideways by the same fraction of dx to stay in the circle. Therefore:- Equation 2 Substituting equation 2 in 1 we get This again tells us that tyre slip is a square function of velocity and greatly gets affected by a slight increase in velocity. For example consider two tyres of grip 1G and 2G, and then we can calculate their minimum turning radius before they slip off. Speed m/s- 10 20 30 40 50 1G 10.20 40.6 91.8 163.2 255.1 1.4G 7.18 29.15 65.5 116.6 182.2 Minimum turning radius- Graph at 1G Speed in x10 m/s- These calculations are not accurate as the grip of the vehicle tyres does not remain constant at turns and braking. The grip of all four wheels is dynamic and this change has to be taken into account. To keep the vehicle simulation very simple, we can calculate the weight on every tyre and calculate weight transfer. If for example all tyres have 600kg weight each on them. Consider all tyres to have a grip of 1G. Then it can be said that at 600kg the tyre has 1G grip. Then from the weight transfer we can get how much extra weight has been put on the tyre and from that we can get the increased grip based on that. Example the side tyres get an extra 300kg weight on them, then their grip would be 1.5g and the others tyres grip would fall off to 0.5g. From this it can be noticed that weight transfer causes grip transfer also at the same ratio. H.8 Rolling Resistance Rolling resistance is the resistance or frictional force of the wheels with the surface when they are in motion. Coefficient of rolling resistance is a constant which depends on the friction between the two surfaces. Force of rolling resistance can be calculated by =Force or rolling resistance =Coefficient of rolling resistance between the two surfaces = Normal force applied which is the weight of the car This is force acting in the opposite direction of motion of the car; the car also has to overcome this force to move. Biblography https://worldofstuart.excellentcontent.com/review-virtua.htm Virtua racing review https://retro.ign.com/articles/929/929497p1.html IGN virtua racing review